May 3, 2010
April 12, 2010
Chemistry Inventions
What Happened and When?
A Chronology of Notable Achievements
Democritus (465 BC)
First to conceive matter in the form of particles, which he called atoms.
Alchemists (about 1000-1650)
Attempted to (1) change lead and other base metals to gold; (2) discover a
universal solvent; and (3) discover a life-prolonging elixir. Used plant products and
arsenic compounds to treat diseases.
Boyle, Sir Robert (1637-1691)
Formulated fundamental gas laws. First to conceive the possibility of small
particles combining to form molecules; distinguished between compounds and mixtures;
studied air and water pressures, desalination, crystals and electrical phenomena.
Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)
Discovered oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide.
Scheele, C.W. (1742-1786)
Discovered chlorine, tartaric acid, sensitivity of silver compounds to light
(photochemistry); and oxidation of metals.
Le Blanc, Nicholas (1742-1806)
Invented a process for making soda ash from sodium sulfate, limestone and coal.
Lavoisier, A.L. (1743-1794)
Discovered nitrogen; studied acids and described composition of many organic
compounds. Generally regarded as the father of chemistry.
Volta, A. (1745-1827)
Invented the electric battery, a series of "piles" or stacks of
alternating layers of silver and zinc, or copper and zinc, separated by paper soaked in
brine (electrolyte). See Activity (1).
Berthollet, C.L. (1748-1822)
Corrected Lavoiser’s theory of acids; discovered bleaching power of
chlorine; studied combining weights of atoms (stoichiometry).
Jenner, Edward (1749-1823)
Discoverer of vaccination for prevention of smallpox (1776).
Dalton, John (1766-1844)
The first great chemical theorist; proposed atomic theory (1807); stated law of
partial pressure of gases. His ideas led to laws of multiple proportions, constant
composition and conservation of mass.
Avogadro, A. (1776-1856)
Proposed principle that equal volumes of gases contain the same number of
molecules. The number (6.02 x 1023 for 22.41 litres of any gas) is a fundamental constant
that applies to all chemical units.
Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829)
Laid foundation of electrochemistry, studied electroysis of salts in water and
other electrochemical phenomena; isolated Na and K.
Gay-Lussac, J.L. (1778-1850)
Discovered boron and iodine, studied acids and bases and discovered indicators
(litmus); improved production method for H2SO4, did basic research on behavior of gases
versus temp and on the ratios of gas volumes in chemical reactions.
Berzelius J.J. (1779-1850)
Classified minerals chemically; discovered and isolated many elements (Se, Th,
Si, Ti, Zr); coined the terms isomer and catalyst; noted existence of radicals;
anticipated discovery of colloids.
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)
Extended Davy’s work in electrochemistry. He developed theories of
electrical and mechanical energy, electrolysis, corrosion, batteries, and
electrometallurgy.
Wohler, F. (1800-1882)
First to synthesize an organic compound (urea, 1828) (a rearrangement reaction).
This discovery was the beginning of synthetic organic chemistry.
Goodyear, Charles (1800-1860)
Discovered vulcanization of rubber (1844) by sulphur, inorganic accelerator, and
heat. Hancock in England made a parallel discovery.
Liebig, J. von (1803-1873)
Fundamental investigation of plant life (photosynthesis) and soil chemistry;
first to propose use of fertilisers. Discovered chloroform and cyanogen compounds.
Graham, Thomas (1822-1869)
Studied diffusion of solutions through membranes; established principles of
colloid chemistry.
Pasteur, Louis (1822 - 1895)
(1) First to recognize infective bacteria as disease-causing agents; (2)
developed concept of immunochemistry; (3) initiated heat-sterilization of wine and milk
(pasteurization); (4) observed optical isomers (enantiomers) in tartaric acid.
Lister, Joseph (1827-1912)
Initiated use of antiseptics in surgery, e.g., phenols, carbolic acid, cresols.
Kekulé, A. (1829-1896)
Laid foundations of aromatic chemistry; conceived of four-valent carbon and
structure of benzene ring; predicted isomeric substitutions (ortho-, meta-, para-).
Nobel, Alfred (1833-1896)
Invented dynamite, smokeless powder, blasting gelatin. Established international
awards for achievements in chemistry, physics and medicine.
Mendeléev, D.I. (1834-1907)
Discovered periodicity of the elements and compiled the first Periodic Table.
Hyatt, J.W. (1837-1920)
Initiated plastics industry (1869) by invention of Celluloid (nitrocellulose
modified with camphor).
Perkin, Sir W.H. (1838-1907)
Synthesized first organic dye (mauveine, 1856) and first synthetic perfume
(coumarin). His work on dyes was continued and expanded by Hofmann in Germany.
Beilstein, F.K. (1838-1906)
Compiled Handbuchder organischen Chemie, a multi-volume compendium of properties
and reactions of organic chemicals.
Gibbs, Josiah W. (1839-1903)
Stated three principal laws of thermodynamics; expounded nature of entropy and
phase rule and the relation between chemical, electric and thermal energy.
Chardonnet, H. (1839-1924)
First to produce a synthetic fibre (nitrocellulose) with properties similar to
rayon.
Boltzmann, L. (1844-1906)
Developed kinetic theory of gases, their viscosity and diffusion properties are
summarized in Boltzmann’s Law.
Roentgen, W.K. (1845-1923)
Discovered x-radiation (1895). Awarded Nobel Prize in 1901.
Le Chatelier, H.L. (1850-1936)
Fundamental research on equilibrium reactions (Le Chatelier’s Law),
combustion of gases, and metallurgy of iron and steel.
Becquerel, H. (1851-1908)
Discovered radioactivity, deflection of electrons by magnetic fields and gamma
radiation. Nobel Prize 1903 (with the Curies).
Moisson, H. (1852- 907)
Developed electric furnace for making carbides and preparing pure metals;
isolated fluorine (1886). Nobel Prize 1906.
Fischer, Emil (1852-1919)
Basic research on sugars, purines, uric acid, enzymes, nitric acid, ammonia.
Pioneer work in sterochemistry. Nobel Prize 1902.
Thomson, Sir J.J. (1856-1940)
Research on cathode rays resulted in proof of existence of electrons (1896).
Nobel Prize 1906.
Arrhenius, Svante (1859 - 1927)
Fundamental research on rates of reaction versus temperature, expressed by the
Arrhenius equation; and on electrolytic dissociation. Nobel Prize 1903.
Hall, Charles Martin (1863-1914)
Invented method of aluminium manufacture by electrochemical reduction of alumina.
Parallel discovery by Heroult in France.
Baekeland, Leo H. (1863-1944)
Invented phenolformaldehyde plastic (1907), the first completely synthetic resin
(Bakelite).
Nernst, Walther Hermann (1864-1941)
Awarded Nobel Prize in 1920 for his work in thermochemistry, did basic research
in electrochemistry and thermodynamics.
Werner, A. (1866-1919)
Introduced concept of coordination theory of valence (complex chemistry). Nobel
Prize in 1913.
Curie, Marie (1867-1934)
Discovered and isolated radium; research on radioactivity of uranium. Nobel Prize
1903 (with Becquerel) in physics; in chemistry 1911.
Haber, F. (1868-1924)
Synthesized ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, the first industrial fixation of
atmospheric nitrogen (the process was further developed by Bosch). Nobel Prize 1918.
Rutherford, Sir Ernest (1871-1937)
First to prove radioactive decay of heavy elements and to carry out a
transmutation reaction (1919). Discovered half-life of radioactive elements. Nobel Prize
1908.
Lewis, Gilbert N. (1875-1946)
Proposed electron-pair theory of acids and bases; authority on thermodynamics.
Aston, F.W. (1877-1945)
Pioneer work on isotopes and their separation by mass spectrograph. Nobel Prize
1922.
Fischer, Hans (1881-1945)
Basic research on porphyrins, chlorophyll, carotene, synthesized hemin. Nobel
Prize 1930.
Langmuir, Irving (1881-1957)
Fundamental research on surface chemistry, monomolecular films, emulsion
chemistry. Also electric discharges in gases, cloud seeding, etc. Nobel Prize 1932.
Staudinger, Hermann (1881-1965)
Fundamental research on high-polymer structure, catalytic synthesis,
polymerization mechanisms, resulting eventually in development of stereospecific catalysts
by Ziegler and Natta (stereoregular polymers). Nobel Prize 1963.
Flemming, Sir Alexander (1881-1955)
Discovered penicillin (1928); initiated antibiotics. Nobel Prize 1945. The
science was developed in the U.S. by Selman A. Waksman.
Moseley, Henry G.J. (1887-1915)
discovered the relation between frequency of x-rays emitted by an element and its
atomic number, thus indicating the element’s true position in the Periodic Table.
Adams, Roger (1889-1971)
Noted educator and contributor to industrial research in catalysis and structural
analysis. Priestley Medal.
Midgley, Thomas (1889-1944)
Discovered tetraethyllead and antiknock treatment for gasoline (1921) and
fluorocarbon refrigerants early research on synthetic rubber.
Ipatieff, Vladimir N. (1890?-1952)
Basic research and development of catalytic alkylation and isomerisation of
hydrocarbons (with Herman Pines).
Banting, Sir Frederick (1891-1941)
Isolated the insulin molecule. Nobel Prize 1923.
Chadwick, Sir James (1891-1974)
Discovered the neutron (1932) Nobel Prize 1935.
Urey, Harold C. (1894-1981)
Discovered heavy isotope of hydrogen (deuterium). Nobel Prize 1934. A leader of
he Manhattan Project. Made original contributions to theories of he origin of the universe
and of life processes.
Carothers, Wallace (1896-1937)
Polymerization research resulting in synthesis of neoprene (polychloroprene) and
of nylon (polyamide).
Kistiakowsky, George B. (1900-1982)
Developed the detonating device used in first atomic bomb.
Heisenberg, W.K. (1901-1976)
Research in quantum mechanics resulting in development of the orbital theory of
chemical bonding. Stated Uncertainity Principle. Nobel Prize 1932.
Fermi, Enrico (1901-1954)
First to achieve a controlled nuclear fission reaction (1939); basic research on
subatomic particles. Nobel Prize 1938.
Lawrence, Ernest O. (1901-1958)
Invented the cyclotron in which first synthetic elements were created. Nobel
Prize 1939.
Libby, Wilard F. (1908-1980)
Developed radiocarbn dating technique based on carbon-14. Nobel Prize 1960.
Crick, F.H.C (1916- ) with Watson,
James D.
Elucidated structure of DNA molecule (1953) resulting in development of
gene-splicing (recombinant DNA) techniques.
Woodward, Robert W. (1917-1979)
Nobel Prize 1965 for his brilliant syntheses of such compounds as cholesterol,
quinine, chlorophyll and cobalamin.
Science Inventions First Discovered
| No. | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| 01 | The theory of relativity was propounded by | Albert Einstein |
| 02 | The principal metal used in manufacturing steel is | Iron |
| 03 | An alimeter is used for measuring | Altitude |
| 04 | Oology is the study of | Birds eggs |
| 05 | Radioactivity was discovered by | Henry Bacquerel |
| 06 | The metal used in storage batteries is | Lead |
| 07 | The instrument used to measure the relative humidity of air is | Hygrometer |
| 08 | Barometer was invented by | Torricelli |
| 09 | The unit of power is | Watt |
| 10 | Radium was discovered by | Marie and Pierrie Curie |
| 11 | The existence of isotopes was discovered by | Frederick Soddy |
| 12 | Dynamo was invented by | Michael Faraday |
| 13 | The nuclear reactor was invented by | Enrico Ferni |
| 14 | The law of gravitation was propounded by | Sir Isaac Newton |
| 15 | Crescograph was invented by | J.C.Bose |
| 16 | Crescograph is used to measure the | Rate of growth of a plant |
| 17 | Galileo’s first scientific discovery was | Pendulum |
| 18 | Microscope was invented by | Aaton Van Leewen Hock |
| 19 | The scientist who is known as father of modern biology is | Aristotle |
| 20 | The first person to see a cell under microscope was | Robert Hooke |
| 21 | The smallest flowering plant is | Worffia |
| 22 | The four blood groups were discovered by | Karl Landsteiner |
| 23 | Sodium was discovered by | Sir Humphry Davy |
| 24 | The atomic number of oxygen is | Eight |
| 25 | The basic building blocks of proteins are | Amino acids |
| 26 | The botanical name of the cotton plant is | Gossipium Hirsutum |
| 27 | An Electroscope is used to | Detect charges on a body |
| 28 | The unit of loudness is | Phon |
| 29 | An ammeter is used to measure | Electric current |
| 30 | Plant that eat insects are called | Insectivorous plants |
| 31 | Fruits that are formed without fertilization are called | Parthenocarpic |
| 32 | Plants that flower only once in their lifetime are called | Mono carpic |
| 33 | The botanical name for rice is | Oryza Sativa |
| 34 | Penicillin is obtained from | Mould |
| 35 | The largest tree in the world is | Seguoia Gigantica |
| 36 | Herpetology is the study of | Reptiles |
| 37 | Entomology is the study of | Insects |
| 38 | Ornithology is the study of | Birds |
| 39 | Ichtyology is the study of | Fishes |
| 40 | Osteology is the study of | Bones |
| 41 | The botanical name for brinjal is | Solanum melongenal |
| 42 | The botanical name for onion is | Allium Cepa |
| 43 | The study of sound is called | Acoustics |
| 44 | The study of heavenly bodies is called | Astronomy |
| 45 | The study of tissues is called | Histology |
| 46 | Electric Lamp was invented by | Thomas alva Edison |
| 47 | The fear of crowd is called | Ochlophobia |
| 48 | The fear of books is called | Bibliophobia |
| 49 | The fear of going to bed is called | Clinophobia |
| 50 | The symbol of gold is | Au |
| 51 | The symbol of sodium is | Na |
| 52 | The symbol of Sr stands for | Strontium |
| 53 | The symbol Rb stands for | Rubidium |
| 54 | The symbol Md stands for | Mendelevium |
| 55 | Calcium sulphate is commonly called | Plaster of Paris |
| 56 | Sodium carbonate is commonly called | Washing Soda |
| 57 | Sodium chloride is commonly known as | Common Salt |
| 58 | The chemical name of Chloroform is | Trichloromethane |
| 59 | The chemical name of baking powder is | Sodium bicarbonate |
| 60 | The chemical name of bleaching powder is | Calcium hypochlorite |
| 61 | The formula HCL stands for | Hydrochloric Acid |
| 62 | The formula H2SO4 stands for | Sulphuric Acid |
| 63 | The formula CHCI3 stands for | Trichloromethane |
| 64 | The formula H2O2 stands for | Hydrogen peroxide |
| 65 | A fungus which can only survive on other living organisms is called | Obligate Parasite |
| 66 | A plant which lives in the dark is called | Scotophyte |
| 67 | A plant adapted to live in dry places is called a | Xerophyte |
| 68 | A plant adapted for growth in water is called a | Hydrophyte |
| 69 | Bifocal lens was invented by | Benjamin Franklin |
| 70 | Cement was invented by | Joseph Aspdin |
| 71 | Laser was invented by | Dr.Charles H.Townes |
| 72 | Electromagnet was invented by | William Sturgeon |
| 73 | Rayon was invented by | Sir Joseph Swann |
| 74 | Thermostat is an instrument used for regulating | Constant temperature |
| 75 | The science of organic forms and structures is known as | Morphology |
| 76 | Phycology is the study of | Algae |
| 77 | Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was established in | 1945 |
| 78 | CSIR stands for | Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |
| 79 | ISRO stands for | Indian Space Research Organisation |
| 80 | The first human being to land on moon was | Neil Armstrong |
| 81 | The first Indian in space was | Rakesh Sharma |
| 82 | ISAC stands for | ISRO Satellite Centre |
| 83 | VSSC stands for | Vikram Sarabhai space Centre |
| 84 | The headquarters of ISRO is located at | Bangalore |
| 85 | VSSC is located at | Thiruvananthapuram |
| 86 | ISAC is located at | Bangalore |
| 87 | National Science Centre is located at | New Delhi |
| 88 | Central Tobacco Research Institute is located at | Rajahmundry |
| 89 | Indian Institute of Horticultural Research is located at | Bangalore |
| 90 | The Atomic Energy Commission was set up in | August 1948 |
| 91 | The first Indian Satellite was | Aryabhatta |
| 92 | The first Indian Satellite was launched in the year | 1975 |
| 93 | ASLV stands for | Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle |
| 94 | INSAT stands for | Indian National Satellite |
| 95 | The fear of women is known as | Gynophobia |
| 96 | The fear of men is known as | Androphobia |
| 97 | The scientist who developed the Quantum theory was | Max Plonck |
| 98 | The steam engine was invented by | James Watt |
| 99 | The botanical name of tea is | Camellia Sinensis |
| 100 | Logarithms were devised by | John Napier |
| 101 | The acid used in a car battery is | Sulphuric acid |
| 102 | The system for writing by blind people was invented by | Louis Braille |
| 103 | The parachute was used for the first time by | J.P.Blanchard |
| 104 | The German physicit who first demonstrated the existence of Radio waves was | Henrich Hertz |
| 105 | The instrument that records the intensity of earthquakes is | Seismograph |
| 106 | The laws of floating bodies was discovered by | Archimedes |
| 107 | The density of milk is measured by a | Lactometer |
| 108 | Fountain pen was invented by | L.E.Waterman |
| 109 | The instrument used to measure the pressure of gases is the | Monometer |
| 110 | Bhaskara I was a famous | Astronomer |
| 111 | The first atomic power station established in India was the | Tarapore Atomic Power Station |
| 112 | The role of heredity was demonstrated by | Mendel |
| 113 | The instrument used to measure the concentration of salt water is the | Salinometer |
| 114 | Spectroscopy is the study of | Anders John Angstrom |
| 115 | Dactylography is the study of | Finger Prints |
| 116 | A tangent galvanometer is used to study the | Strength of direct current |
| 117 | The fruit of Oak is called | Acron |
| 118 | ZETA stands for | Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly |
| 119 | The formula C6H5OH stands for | Phenol |
| 120 | Michael Faraday worked as an assistant under another scientist whose name was | Sir Humphry Davy |
| 121 | Vulcanised rubber was invented by | Charles Goodyear |
| 122 | The symbol Zn stands for | Zinc |
| 123 | The symbol He stands for | Helium |
| 124 | Celluloid was invented by | A.Parker |
| 125 | Glider was invented by | Sir George Caley |
| 126 | Safety matches was invented by | J.E.Lundstrom |
| 127 | Radio valve was invented by | Sir J.A.Fleming |
| 128 | Space Applications Centre is located at | Ahmedabad |
| 129 | Atomic Energy Commission is located at | Mumbai |
| 130 | Dynamics is the study of | Movements of bodies |
| 131 | Statics is the study of | Forces acting on bodies at rest |
| 132 | Mechanics is the study of | Forces acting on bodies |
| 133 | Zoology is the study of | Animal life |
| 134 | Botany is the study of | Plant life |
| 135 | Psychology is the study of | Human mind |
| 136 | The first American to orbit earth was | John H.Glen |
| 137 | The electro-cardiograph was invented by | William Einthoven |
| 138 | The molecular formula of cane sugar is | C12H22O11 |
| 139 | A compound which contains only hydrogen and Carbon is called a | Hydrocarbon |
| 140 | The liquid used to preserve specimens of plans and animals is | Formalin |
| 141 | The law of segregaton was propounded by | Mendel |
| 142 | Auriscope is used to detect | Ear disorders |
| 143 | The three states of matter are | Solid,liquid and gas |
| 144 | The scientific name for blood platelets is | Thrombocytes |
| 145 | The response of a plant to heat is called | Thermotropism |
| 146 | The response of a plant to touch is called | Trigmotropism |
| 147 | The symbol Zr stands for | Zirconium |
| 148 | Nickel was discovered by | Cronstledt |
| 149 | Manganese was discovered by | Gahn |
| 150 | The common name for pottasium carbonate is | Potash |
| 151 | Bismuth was discovered by | Valentine |
| 152 | The biggest plant seed is | Cocodemer |
| 153 | Toxicology is the study of | Poisons |
| 154 | Virology is the study of | Viruses |
| 155 | Paleontology is the study of | Fossils |
| 156 | Calorimeter is used to measure | Quantity of heat |
| 157 | Chronometer was invented by | John Harrison |
| 158 | Stethoscope was invented by | William Stockes |
| 159 | Spinning frame was invented by | Sir Richard Arkwright |
| 160 | Al stands for | Aluminium |
| 161 | Gd stands for | Gadolinium |
| 162 | Ir stands for | Iridium |
| 163 | Bi stands for | Bismuth |
| 164 | The Chemical formula of sodium bicarbonate is | NaHCO3 |
| 165 | The chemical formula of common salt is | Nacl |
| 166 | The chemical formula of washing soda is | Na2CO3,IOH2O |
| 167 | The chemical formula of lime soda is | CaCO3 |
| 168 | The chemical formula of chloroform is | CHcl3 |
| 169 | The study of grasses is known as | Agrostology |
| 170 | The study of antiquities is known as | Archaeology |
| 171 | The study of the duration of life is known as | Chronobiology |
| 172 | The study of bacteria is known as | Bacteriology |
| 173 | Nylon was invented by | Dr.Wallace H.Carothers |
| 174 | Electric razor was invented by | Jacob Schick |
| 175 | The symbol of silver is | Ag |
| 176 | The symbol of silicon is | Si |
| 177 | The symbol of titanium is | Ti |
| 178 | Calcium oxide is commonly known as | Quick lime |
| 179 | A deviation of light passing from one medium to another is known as | Refraction |
| 180 | An apparatus for generation of atomic energy is called a | Reactor |
| 181 | A machine used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a | Generator |
| 182 | The first Indian woman in space was | Kalpana Chawla |
| 183 | The revolver was invented by | Samuel Colt |
| 184 | The refrigerator was invented by | J.Perkins |
April 2, 2010
GK For State Public Service Examinations
1.Which among the following is the capital of west Sikkim?
(A)Gyalshing
(B) Gangtok
(C)Mangan
(D)Namchi
(E)Pelling
2.Which among the following is also called as 'Fenny capital' of Goa. ?
(A)Bardez
(B)Sattari
(C)Ponda
(D)Mapusa
(E)Mormugao
3.Who among the following was the Premier of Madras Presidency at the time of India's Independence?
(A)P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja
(B)O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar
(C)Tanguturi Prakasam
(D)Kala Venkata Rao
(E)Kumarasami Kamaraj
4.Which among the following regional political parties in India has the Party logo of two leaves?
(A)DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam)
(B)AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam )
(C)MDMK (Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam )
(D)PMK (Pattali Makkal Katchi)
(E)None of them
5.Which among the following organizations occupies the Centre William Rappard building in Geneva, Switzerland?
(A)International Labour Organization
(B)World Trade Organization
(C)UNESCO
(D)World Health Organization
(E)None of the above
6.Rourkela in Orissa is known as Ispat Nagari also. It is third largest city of Orissa, known for one of the largest steel plants of the Steel Authority of India Limited and also National Institute of Technology. As per some etymologists, the name Rourkela is derived from Ruhr valley which is also rich in minerals particularly iron. Where is located this Ruhr Valley?
(A)France
(B)Russia
(C)China
(D)Germany
(E)Italy
7.In context with the share markets in India, which among the following denotes the current practice of Rolling Settlementsas mandated by SEBI?
(A)T+1
(B)T+2
(C)T+3
(D)T+4
(E)T+5
8.Who among the following is known for preparing the draft of Quit India Resolution?
(A)Sardar Patel
(B)Jawahar lal Nehru
(C)Acharya Kriplani
(D)P Sitarammaiya
(E)None of them
9.Which among the following is not located in Rajasthan?
(A)Karni Mata temple.
(B)Eklingji
(C)Junagarh Fort
(D)Narwar Fort
(E)Vijay Stambh
10.Ultrasound which is upper limit of human hearing is characterized by which of the following frequencies?
(A)Above 20 KHz
(B)Above 2 KHz
(C)Above 200 KHz
(D)Below 20 KHz
(E)Below 2 KHz
11.In which year the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Resources was changed into Ministry of New & Renewable Energy ?
(A)2002
(B)2003
(C)2005
(D)2006
(E)2007
12.In context with Indian Freedom Movement , which of the following took place on June 14, 1945?
(A)Cabinet Mission Plan put forth
(B)Wavell Plan Put forth
(C)Lord Mountbatten Plan put forth
(D)Interim Government set up
(E)None of them above
13.In which of the following states of India , a festival called Chapchar Kut is celebrated in March ?
(A)Assam
(B)Mizoram
(C)Karnataka
(D)Sikkim
(E)Jammu & Kashmir
14.How many parts are of other metals in a 17 carat Gold?
(A)3
(B)4
(C)5
(D)6
(E)7
15.Who among the following is the current Supreme Commander of Iranian armed forces?
(A)Ayatollah Salehi
(B)Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
(C) Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
(D)Mohammad Ali Jafari
(E)Mohammad-Reza Rahimi
16.What is the current number of Rajya sabha members in India belonging to Indian National Congress?
(A)83
(B)78
(C)71
(D)67
(E)63
17.What is the name of the Upper House of the European Union?
(A)European Parliament
(B)Council of the European Union
(C)European Assembly
(D)General Council of Europe
(E)European House of People
18.Which of the following countries Lower House is called Gyelyong Tshogdu?
(A)Bhutan
(B)Myanmar
(C)Thailand
(D)Cambodia
(E)None of them
19.Which of the following countries National Animal is Siberian Tiger ?
(A)Russia
(B)China
(C)North Korea
(D)Japan
(E)South Korea
20.Who among the following musicians of Sri lanka is known to compose Sri Lankan national anthem "Sri Lanka Matha" and is considered the father of artistic Sinhala music, and founder of the modern geeta sahitya?
(A)Edward Jayakody
(B)Dushyanth Weeraman
(C)Manickam Yogeswaran
(D)Ananda Samarakoon
(E)R. A. Chandrasena
(A)Gyalshing
(B) Gangtok
(C)Mangan
(D)Namchi
(E)Pelling
2.Which among the following is also called as 'Fenny capital' of Goa. ?
(A)Bardez
(B)Sattari
(C)Ponda
(D)Mapusa
(E)Mormugao
3.Who among the following was the Premier of Madras Presidency at the time of India's Independence?
(A)P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja
(B)O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar
(C)Tanguturi Prakasam
(D)Kala Venkata Rao
(E)Kumarasami Kamaraj
4.Which among the following regional political parties in India has the Party logo of two leaves?
(A)DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam)
(B)AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam )
(C)MDMK (Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam )
(D)PMK (Pattali Makkal Katchi)
(E)None of them
5.Which among the following organizations occupies the Centre William Rappard building in Geneva, Switzerland?
(A)International Labour Organization
(B)World Trade Organization
(C)UNESCO
(D)World Health Organization
(E)None of the above
6.Rourkela in Orissa is known as Ispat Nagari also. It is third largest city of Orissa, known for one of the largest steel plants of the Steel Authority of India Limited and also National Institute of Technology. As per some etymologists, the name Rourkela is derived from Ruhr valley which is also rich in minerals particularly iron. Where is located this Ruhr Valley?
(A)France
(B)Russia
(C)China
(D)Germany
(E)Italy
7.In context with the share markets in India, which among the following denotes the current practice of Rolling Settlementsas mandated by SEBI?
(A)T+1
(B)T+2
(C)T+3
(D)T+4
(E)T+5
8.Who among the following is known for preparing the draft of Quit India Resolution?
(A)Sardar Patel
(B)Jawahar lal Nehru
(C)Acharya Kriplani
(D)P Sitarammaiya
(E)None of them
9.Which among the following is not located in Rajasthan?
(A)Karni Mata temple.
(B)Eklingji
(C)Junagarh Fort
(D)Narwar Fort
(E)Vijay Stambh
10.Ultrasound which is upper limit of human hearing is characterized by which of the following frequencies?
(A)Above 20 KHz
(B)Above 2 KHz
(C)Above 200 KHz
(D)Below 20 KHz
(E)Below 2 KHz
11.In which year the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Resources was changed into Ministry of New & Renewable Energy ?
(A)2002
(B)2003
(C)2005
(D)2006
(E)2007
12.In context with Indian Freedom Movement , which of the following took place on June 14, 1945?
(A)Cabinet Mission Plan put forth
(B)Wavell Plan Put forth
(C)Lord Mountbatten Plan put forth
(D)Interim Government set up
(E)None of them above
13.In which of the following states of India , a festival called Chapchar Kut is celebrated in March ?
(A)Assam
(B)Mizoram
(C)Karnataka
(D)Sikkim
(E)Jammu & Kashmir
14.How many parts are of other metals in a 17 carat Gold?
(A)3
(B)4
(C)5
(D)6
(E)7
15.Who among the following is the current Supreme Commander of Iranian armed forces?
(A)Ayatollah Salehi
(B)Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
(C) Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
(D)Mohammad Ali Jafari
(E)Mohammad-Reza Rahimi
16.What is the current number of Rajya sabha members in India belonging to Indian National Congress?
(A)83
(B)78
(C)71
(D)67
(E)63
17.What is the name of the Upper House of the European Union?
(A)European Parliament
(B)Council of the European Union
(C)European Assembly
(D)General Council of Europe
(E)European House of People
18.Which of the following countries Lower House is called Gyelyong Tshogdu?
(A)Bhutan
(B)Myanmar
(C)Thailand
(D)Cambodia
(E)None of them
19.Which of the following countries National Animal is Siberian Tiger ?
(A)Russia
(B)China
(C)North Korea
(D)Japan
(E)South Korea
20.Who among the following musicians of Sri lanka is known to compose Sri Lankan national anthem "Sri Lanka Matha" and is considered the father of artistic Sinhala music, and founder of the modern geeta sahitya?
(A)Edward Jayakody
(B)Dushyanth Weeraman
(C)Manickam Yogeswaran
(D)Ananda Samarakoon
(E)R. A. Chandrasena
General Quiz
•Q- Kurukshetra war continued for how many days? 18
•Q- Chhattisgarh is a state curved out from which state / states? Maharastra &Madya Pradesh
•Q- On what date Chhattisgarh got statehood? Nov-1-2000
•Q- Where is Central Drug Institute? Lucknow
•Q- Which year saw the battle of plassy? 1757
•Q- Where is Indian Forest Research Institute? Dehradun
•Q- "Pather Panchali " is a film by whom? Sathyjeet Ray
•Q- What is the unit of resistance? Ohm
•Q- Uro Cup is related to which sports?Football
•Q- Which war firmly established British Rule in India? battle of buxar
•Q- Jet Engine is based upon which law of Newton? Third
•Q- The Thar desert are located in which state? Rajastan
•Q- Iron , when gets rust. What kind of chemical action takes place? Oxidation
•Q- Which acid is called the " King of Chemistry"? Sulpuric Acid H2So4
•Q- Rabi Crops are sown at the beginning of which season? Cold Season
•Q- What are the major cash crops? Sugarcane, jute, cotton, tobacco, rapeseed
•Q- Which places are connected by "Great Deccan Road"? Mirzapur & bangalore
•Q- Which one is the longest highway of India? NH-7
•Q- Which one is the largest Public Sector Enterprise in India? Indian Railway
•Q- Uniguage Project was started in which year? 1992
•Q- In how many zones Railways has been devided? 16
•Q- How many major ports are in India? 12
•Q- Which port in India is a natural port? Cochin
•Q- Where is the "Ennore Port" ? Near Chennai
•Q- National highway no. 31A is connects which state to rest of India?
Sikim
•Q- Chhattisgarh is a state curved out from which state / states? Maharastra &Madya Pradesh
•Q- On what date Chhattisgarh got statehood? Nov-1-2000
•Q- Where is Central Drug Institute? Lucknow
•Q- Which year saw the battle of plassy? 1757
•Q- Where is Indian Forest Research Institute? Dehradun
•Q- "Pather Panchali " is a film by whom? Sathyjeet Ray
•Q- What is the unit of resistance? Ohm
•Q- Uro Cup is related to which sports?Football
•Q- Which war firmly established British Rule in India? battle of buxar
•Q- Jet Engine is based upon which law of Newton? Third
•Q- The Thar desert are located in which state? Rajastan
•Q- Iron , when gets rust. What kind of chemical action takes place? Oxidation
•Q- Which acid is called the " King of Chemistry"? Sulpuric Acid H2So4
•Q- Rabi Crops are sown at the beginning of which season? Cold Season
•Q- What are the major cash crops? Sugarcane, jute, cotton, tobacco, rapeseed
•Q- Which places are connected by "Great Deccan Road"? Mirzapur & bangalore
•Q- Which one is the longest highway of India? NH-7
•Q- Which one is the largest Public Sector Enterprise in India? Indian Railway
•Q- Uniguage Project was started in which year? 1992
•Q- In how many zones Railways has been devided? 16
•Q- How many major ports are in India? 12
•Q- Which port in India is a natural port? Cochin
•Q- Where is the "Ennore Port" ? Near Chennai
•Q- National highway no. 31A is connects which state to rest of India?
Sikim
General Science Quiz
1.Which part of the plant Raphanus sativus is edible?
(A)Fruit
(B)Leaves
(C)Roots
(D)None
(E)All
2.Which among the following plants is known as Indian ginseng?
(A)Withania somnifera
(B)Datura ceratocaula
(C)Iberis amara
(D)Capsella bursa pastoris
(E)Brassica Nigra
3.From which part of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra , Liquorice or Mulethi is obtained?
(A)Leaves
(B)Roots
(C)Fruits
(D)Stem
(E)Flowers
4.Which of the following plants have respiratory roots?
(A)Marshy Plants
(B)Mangroves
(C)Epiphytes
(D)Submerged Hydrophytes
(E)Xerophytes
5.From which part, Coconut coir is obtained?
(A)Epicarp
(B)Mesocarp
(C)Endocarp
(D)Seed
(E)Drupe
6.For purity of which of the following commodity is expressed in ICUMSA numbers?
(A)Refined Edible Oil
(B)Refined Edible Sugar
(C)Refined Vegetable Oil
(D)Milk
(E)Pulses
7.Glycine max which is called Soya bean has high protein content as we all know. 100 g of Soyabean has how much of Protein?
(A)10-20 gms
(B)20-30 gms
(C)30-40 gms
(D)40-50 gms
(E)50-60 gms
8.Apart from sugarcane (most commonly Saccharum officinarum) which among the following plants is widely known in the world as a commercial source of table sugar ?
(A)Toona cilata(B)Gloriosa superba
(C)Asparagus pulmosus
(D)Beta vulgaris
(E)Brassica alba
9.Which among the following is correct about biocenosis?
(A)The study of energy transformations in the living systems
(B)Community of organisms occupying an area
(C)Study of the parts of an ecosystem with specific species
(D)A kind of abnormality related to organism living in a particular habitat
(E)None of them
10.Where is located the Blatter Herbarium in India?
(A)Kolkata
(B)Mumbai
(C)Hyderabad
(D)Chennai
(E)New Delhi
11.Who among the following is called father of Modern Genetics ?
(A)William Bateson
(B)Robert Hooke
(C)E J Butler
(D)F O Bower
(E)Gregor Mendel
12.Where is located Indian Grassland And Fodder Research Institute?
(A)Karnal
(B)Jodhpur
(C)Jhansi
(D)Coimbatore
(E)Gwalior
13.The chemical oxygen demand COD test is commonly used to measure which of the following?
(A)amount of organic compounds in water
(B)amount of oxygen in water
(C)amount of oxygen in a chemical
(D)amount of oxygen used in a oxygenation process
(E)None of them
14.Rafflesia is the plant with largest flowers and found in many parts of the South East Asia. It is a ______?
(A)Mangrove Plant
(B)Ornamental Plant
(C)Parasitic Plant
(D)Carnivorous Plant
(E)Gymnosperm
15.During British Era, East India Company had established botanical gardens at 4 locations as centers for improving botanical knowledge and experimentation under the local Governments. Which among the following is not among them ?
(A)Lucknow
(B)Poona
(C)Sibpur
(D)Saharanpur
(E)Madras
Answers
========
1-E
2-A
3-B
4-B
5-B
6-B
7-B
8-D
9-B
10-B
11-A
12-C
13-A
14-C
(A)Fruit
(B)Leaves
(C)Roots
(D)None
(E)All
2.Which among the following plants is known as Indian ginseng?
(A)Withania somnifera
(B)Datura ceratocaula
(C)Iberis amara
(D)Capsella bursa pastoris
(E)Brassica Nigra
3.From which part of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra , Liquorice or Mulethi is obtained?
(A)Leaves
(B)Roots
(C)Fruits
(D)Stem
(E)Flowers
4.Which of the following plants have respiratory roots?
(A)Marshy Plants
(B)Mangroves
(C)Epiphytes
(D)Submerged Hydrophytes
(E)Xerophytes
5.From which part, Coconut coir is obtained?
(A)Epicarp
(B)Mesocarp
(C)Endocarp
(D)Seed
(E)Drupe
6.For purity of which of the following commodity is expressed in ICUMSA numbers?
(A)Refined Edible Oil
(B)Refined Edible Sugar
(C)Refined Vegetable Oil
(D)Milk
(E)Pulses
7.Glycine max which is called Soya bean has high protein content as we all know. 100 g of Soyabean has how much of Protein?
(A)10-20 gms
(B)20-30 gms
(C)30-40 gms
(D)40-50 gms
(E)50-60 gms
8.Apart from sugarcane (most commonly Saccharum officinarum) which among the following plants is widely known in the world as a commercial source of table sugar ?
(A)Toona cilata(B)Gloriosa superba
(C)Asparagus pulmosus
(D)Beta vulgaris
(E)Brassica alba
9.Which among the following is correct about biocenosis?
(A)The study of energy transformations in the living systems
(B)Community of organisms occupying an area
(C)Study of the parts of an ecosystem with specific species
(D)A kind of abnormality related to organism living in a particular habitat
(E)None of them
10.Where is located the Blatter Herbarium in India?
(A)Kolkata
(B)Mumbai
(C)Hyderabad
(D)Chennai
(E)New Delhi
11.Who among the following is called father of Modern Genetics ?
(A)William Bateson
(B)Robert Hooke
(C)E J Butler
(D)F O Bower
(E)Gregor Mendel
12.Where is located Indian Grassland And Fodder Research Institute?
(A)Karnal
(B)Jodhpur
(C)Jhansi
(D)Coimbatore
(E)Gwalior
13.The chemical oxygen demand COD test is commonly used to measure which of the following?
(A)amount of organic compounds in water
(B)amount of oxygen in water
(C)amount of oxygen in a chemical
(D)amount of oxygen used in a oxygenation process
(E)None of them
14.Rafflesia is the plant with largest flowers and found in many parts of the South East Asia. It is a ______?
(A)Mangrove Plant
(B)Ornamental Plant
(C)Parasitic Plant
(D)Carnivorous Plant
(E)Gymnosperm
15.During British Era, East India Company had established botanical gardens at 4 locations as centers for improving botanical knowledge and experimentation under the local Governments. Which among the following is not among them ?
(A)Lucknow
(B)Poona
(C)Sibpur
(D)Saharanpur
(E)Madras
Answers
========
1-E
2-A
3-B
4-B
5-B
6-B
7-B
8-D
9-B
10-B
11-A
12-C
13-A
14-C
March 12, 2010
Facts about Medivel India
● Made in the times of Bhoj, an idol of ‘Vakdevi’ is at present preserved in the British Museum
● The Jain temples of Dilwara were constructed during the period of Parmars.
● In Udaipur Prashasti, Munj is entitled ‘Kavi Vrish’ due to his literary attainments.
● Qutubuddin was purchased as a slave in his childhood by Qazi Fakruddin Abdul Aziz Koofi.
● Qutubuddin did not issue coins or got ‘Khutba’ read in his name after accession to Delhi throne.
● Qutubuddin Aibak was buried at Lahore after his death.
● Iltutmish established the Shamsi dynasty.
● Iltutmish organized the group of his 40 slaves which is famous in history as Turkan-i-Chahalgami.
● Yalduz and Nasiruddin Qubacha were prominent rivals of Iltutmish.
● Iltutmish organized the ‘Iqta army’.
● Iltutmish issued the coins—‘Taka’ of silver and ‘Jeetal’ of copper.
● Iltutmish was the first Sultan who issued pure Arabic coins.
● On 18th February, 1229, the representatives of the Caliph of Baghdad came to Delhi and they gave the Investiture of the Caliph to Iltutmish. The Caliph thus accepted him as the Sultan of Delhi. Now Delhi became a free state legitimately.
● According to Barni, Balban organized his Court on the Iranian pattern.
● Balban started the system of ‘Sijda’ and ‘Paibos’ during his reign.
● Balban’s theory of kingship was based upon—Power, Prestige and Justice. His main objective was to maintain his control upon the administrative officials.
● The Mongol leader Changez Khan was known as the ‘Curse of God’.
● The coronation of Jalaluddin Feroz Shah was done in 1290 at the Kilokhari Apurna Palace built by Kaikubad.
● At the time of his accession on the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin Khalji assumed the title of Abul Mujaffar Sultan Alauddinia and Deen Mohammad Shah Khalji.
● Jalaluddin Feroz Shah Khalji granted to Alauddin Khalji, the post of Amir-i-Tujuk.
● During Alauddin’s time approximately 75 to 80 per cent of the peasant’s produce was charged as tax.
● The main tasks of Diwan-i-Ariz were to recruit the soldiers, to disburse the salary, to well equip the army, to make arrangements for inspection and to proceed with the Commander-in-Chief in times of war.
● The main tasks of the Diwan-i-Insha was to draft royal orders and letters and to maintain the govt. records. He also conducted correspondence with the local officers.
● Alauddin Khalji introduced market reforms and fixed the prices of various items and goods.
● Munhiyan or detectives were appointed to keep a watch over the market and report the Sultan of the same.
● Barid-i-Mandi was an employee who informed the Sultan of the quality of the material sold in the market.
● ‘Khams’ was the war booty. The 4/5 of the loot was submitted to the royal treasury. Only 1/5 was distributed among the soldiers.
● Alauddin Khalji established a new department Diwan-i-Mustakharaj in order to check the corruption of Revenue department and to maintain control on the concerned officers.
● Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah rejected the rigid rules of Alauddin Khalji and pursued the policy of forgive and forget.
● Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Ghazi was a Qaruna turk.
● Mohammad Tughlaq has been called, an unfortunate idealist
● Due to shortage of money in the treasury and to meet the expenses of Imperialist policy, Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq issued token currency.
● Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq planned invasion of Khurasan and Iraq but did not carry it out.
● Diwan-i-Kohi was the name of agriculture department organized by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
● Elphinston was the first historian who believed that there was some signs of madness in Mohammad Tughlaq.
● Feroz Shah abolished 24 taxes disliked by people.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq following dictum of Quran. levied only 4 taxes named Kharaj, Khums, Zazia and Zakat.
● Feroz Shah brought the two Asokan pillars from Khijrabad and Meerut to Delhi.
● During the period of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the two books Fatwa-i-Jahandari and Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi were written by Barni.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography entitled Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq established a new department of charity at Delhi known as Diwan-i-Khairat.
● Feroz Shah’s book ‘Dalayat-i-Feroz Shahi’ was a work translated into Persian.
● Taimur invaded India in 1398.
● Sikandar Lodhi was the greatest of the Lodhi kings.
● In the Sultanate period, the Wazir was the Prime Minister of the Sultan.
● The department of the Wazir was known as the Diwan-i-Wizarat.
● In the Sultanate period, the Mushrif-i-Mumaliq maintained the account of the income and expenditure of the provinces.
● In the Sultanate period, the Chief Auditor of Accounts was called Mustafa-i-Mamaliq. His main work was to inspect the accounts prepared by Mushraf-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of military department was called, Ariz-i-Mamaliq who was not the Commander-in-Chief of the army.
● Dabir-i-Khas was the chairman of the correspondence department.
● Department of Diwan-i-Insha worked under Dabir-i-Khas who issued the royal Firmans (orders).
● The Treasurer was called Khajij and the Chief Justice was called Qazi-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of the Construction department was called Mir-i-Imarat.
● The Public Hall of the Sultan was called Durbar-i-Azam.
● The Sultan divided the empire into Iqtas orprovinces.
● Iqta was divided into samll shiks or districts.
● Jakat was the tax which covered the taxes of ‘Sadpa’ and ‘Tith’.
● Qutubuddin Aibak had built the mosque known as Quwwattul-Islam near the Delhi Fort of Rai Pithora.
● The famous mosque at Ajmer known as Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was constructed by Qutubuddin Aibak.
● Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was earlier a Sanskrit school which was built by Vigrahraj Bisaldeo.
● Alai Darwaza which is considered to be the most precious jewel of Islamic architecture was built by Alauddin Khalji.
● The new city of Siri and the Hazaar Situn palace in this city were built by Alauddin Khalji.
● In the period of Sikander Lodhi, his Wazir built the Moth mosque.
● The mosque of Attala is one of the best buildings of Sharqi style.
● The Jhajhanri mosque at Jaunpur was built by Ibrahim Sharqi in about 1430.
● The most important mosque at Jaunpur known as Jami mosque was built by Hussain Shah Sharqi.
● The mosque of Lal Darwaza at Jaunpur, was built in the middle of the 15th century.
● The Vijay Nagar kingdom was divided into 6 provinces. The chief of the province was known as Prantpati or Nayak.
● The province was divided into Nadu or districts.
● The provincial rulers were allowed to issue their coins.
● In the Vijay Nagar empire Brahmans were the most respected. The criminal Brahman was exempled from capital punishment.
● Women enjoyed honourable status. Many of them learnt the art of warfare. They were appointed as bodyguards.
● Krishnadeo Ray is designated as the Andhra Pitamah.
● Gold coins were used and they were called ‘Barah’.
● Mixed metal coins were called Partab.
● Kabir who adopted the Gyanashrayi branch of the Nirgun sect, was the disciple of Ramanand.
● Namdeo was born in a small village of Satara district in 1220.
● Sabad refer to the composition related to Yog Sadhana.
● Guru Nanak was born in a small village Talwandi near Lahor.
● To reform a society ridden with ritualism and superstitious, he preached the Nirguna sect.
● The fifth Sikh Guru Arjundeo systematized the composition of Guru Nanak in ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
● Malik Mohammad Jayasi earned great name and fame for his work Padmavat.
● The first invasion of Babar on India was conducted in 1519. During this invasion, he conquered Bajaur and Bhera. He went back from here. When he left these two places were lost to the Moghuls.
● Babar again invaded India in 1526, for the fifth time and he did not go back this time. He founded the Moghul empire in India.
● He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi by adopting his trusted war tactics of Tulughma.
● Babar used Artillery for the first time in the battle of Panipat.
● Babar defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in the battle of Khanva in 1527. He scored a victory over Afghans in battle of ‘Ghaghara’ in 1529.
● Babar declared the Chanderi war as Jehad and he constructed a minarate of the heads of the dead Rajputs.
● Babar wrote his autobiography Tujuk-i-Babri in Turkish language.
● Mirza Haider Speaks about numerous qualities of Babar in his book—Tarikh-i-Rashidi.
● Babar’s daughter Gulbadan Begum enumerated the qualities of Babar in her book, Humayun Nama.
● Babar in his reign abolished the tax Tamagha.
● Babar wrote Risala-i-Validiya in Turkish poetry which was orginally the work of Khwaja Obei-dullah.
● Babar learnt the use of artillery from Ustad Ali and Mustafa—his two Turkish officers.
● The name of Humayun’s mother was Maham Sultana.
● In 1544 Humayun took shelter with Shah Tahmasp, the ruler of Iran.
● In July 1555, Humayun again occupied the throne of Delhi.
● Humayun died on 27 January, 1556 as a result of a sudden fall from the stairs of the Din-Panah Library.
● Shershah was a great conqueror. He fought and won a grim battle against Maldeo of Marwar.
● Shershah introduced currency reform, extanded transport system by building, roads, most famous being present day G. T. Road and reformed revenue system by classifying agricultural land and introducing measurement of land.
● During the administration of Shershah, the Diwan-i-Vizarat looked after the tax system and economy and maintained the accounts of the income and expenditure of the State.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Ariz was to recruit the army, supply the food and look after education.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Rasalat was to conduct correspondence with other States and to maintain contact with them.
● The duty of the Diwan-i-Insha was to write emperor’s orders and records of accounts.
● The credit to solve the early difficulties of Akbar and to safeguard the Mughal empire goes to Bairam Khan.
● From 1556 to 1560 the reins of Mughal administration remained in the hands to Bairam Khan.
● At Tilwara, a war was fought between Bairam Khan and the army of Akbar. Bairam Khan was defeated.
● In early days of his rule Akbar was under the influence of Harem particularly his foster another Maham Anga. This is why some historian call the early years of Akbar as ‘Purda-rule’ or Petticoat government.
● When Maham Anga died, the so-called short Petticoat government of Akbar’s time ended.
● In 1562 Akbar abolished the slavery system.
● Akbar was the first muslim ruler who got maximum success in Rajasthan.
● Akbar’s second attack on Gujarat is considered to be not only the fastest invasion of Akbar’s time but the fastest in the history of the world of that age.
● In 1595 during Akbar’s time. Muzaffar Hussain was the Persian Governor of Qandahar.
● Akbar’s mother Hamida Bano Begum was a religious lady of a Sufi Shia family.
● Raja Birbal died fighting on the royal side in the Afghan-Baluchi rebellion during Akbar’s time.
● In 1571 was built an Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri where every Thrusday, religious deliberation were held.
● Akbar was also impressed by Jainism. He invited the eminent Jain scholar Heer Vijay Suri from Tam Gachh in Gujarat to know about this religion.
● Impressed by Zorastrianism, the holy fire was kept burning in Akbar’s palace.
● Following the tradition of Hindu kings, Akbar started appearing for Darshan of his people from the Jharokha of his palace.
● In Akbar’s time, the Prime Minister was known Wazir or Vakil-i-Mutlaq.
● In Akbar’s time, the Finance Minister was called Wazir or Deewan.
● Mujaffar Khan was the first to be appointed as Wazir during Akbar’s time.
● The assistants of Deewan, known as Sahib-i-Taujeeh looked after the accounts of the Army.
● Another assistant of Deewan, Deewan-i-Bayutoot, looked after the Industries of different kinds.
● The officer who managed the royal treasury was known as Mushrif-i-Khazana.
● Meer Saman in Akbar’s time, managed the affairs of the royal palace, Haram and kitchen.
● In Akbar’s time, Amal Guzar was the officer who collected the revenue from the districts.
● Bitikchi prepared the data about the quality of land and its produce. On the same basis, the Amal Guzar fixed the revenue. Bitikchi was the second important officer in the Revenue department.
● Amil collected the revenue from the Pargana.
● In Akbar’s time, the clerk was called Karkun. His main task was to record the cultivable land in the Pargana and keep an account of the realized and unrealized revenue.
● Akabar introduced Mansabdari system with its ranks of Jat and Sawar based on decimal system.
● According to Blochman, Zat was the definite number of soldiers, the Mansabdars had to keep with them.
● According to Blochman the Sawar meant the definite number of cavalry.
● In Akbar’s time, there were four kinds of land—Polaj, Chacher, Parauti and Banjar.
● In Akbar’s time, Ibrahim Sarhindi translated the Sanskrit text of Atharva Ved in Persian.
● Mulla Shah Mohammad translated in Persian Raj Tarangini of Kalhan.
● Maulana Sherry translated Hari Vansh Puran in Persian.
● Abul Fazal translated Panch Tantra in Persian.
● Faizi translated the story of Nal Damayanti in Persian.
● The history of Islam was compiled in Tarikh-i-Alfi. It is a famous book.
● Akbar established a separate department of Painting, the chairman of this department was the famous painter Khwaja Abdus Samad.
● Abdussamad was an inhabitant of Persia who came to India from Shiraz. He was adorned with the title of Shirin Qalam for his attainments.
● Mohammad Hussain, the famous author of Akbar’s Court was adorned with the title of Zari Qalam.
● Akbar built the Fort of Allahabad.
● The first building of Akbar’s time was Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built under the guidance of his step mother Haji Begum.
● The main mason who built Humayun’s tomb belonged to Iran and his name was Mirza Meerak Ghyas.
● Akbar was born on Sunday. Hence Jahangir declared Sunday as a pious day.
● Nur Jahan was an educated lady. She was specially interested in music, painting and poetry. She composed poetry in Persian.
● The first Englishman to come to the Mughal Court was captain Hawkins.
● Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the guardian and tutor of Jahangir.
● The English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe came to India during Jahangir’s time.
● The Jahangir’s autobiography is Tujuk-i-Jahangiri.
● Shahjahan was born on 5 January, 1592 at Lahore. The name of his mother was Jagat Gosain.
● Two big rebellions broke out during Shahjahan’s time. One was the revolt of the ruler of Bundelkhand named Jujhar Singh and the other was the revolt in south under the leadership of Khan-i-Jahan Lodhi.
● The title of Malika-i-Zamani was conferred upon Arjumand Bano Begum.
● The first coronation of Aurangzeb was performed on 31 July, 1658 and the second coronation took place on 15 June, 1659.
● Aurangzeb passed an order and prohibited the repairs of the temples by the Hindus.
● Aurangzeb appointed Subedars and Muhatsibs to check the spread of education and Hinduism.
● Aurangzeb again levied Zazia upon Hindus.
● Under Aurangzeb, the Hindu traders paid 5% tax on goods while the Muslim traders were free from this tax.
● Aurangzeb issued orders to prohibit the celebration of Holi, Diwali and Basant etc. in the Mughal Court.
● Gokul and Raja Ram were the leaders of Jat revolt against Aurangzeb. After the death of Rajaram, his brother’s son named Churaman continued the revolt. The Jat rebellion went on till the death of Aurangzeb
and the Jats succeeded in establishing a free Jat state of Bharatpur near Mathura.
● In 1681, Akbar, the son of Aurangzeb revolted against him.
● The 9th Guru of the Sikh order, Guru Tegh Bahadur openly protested against the religious policy of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb called him to Delhi and asked him to accept Islam. When he refused, he was beheaded.
● Shivaji was the founder of Maratha State. He fought against the state of Deccan, as well as the mughal empire. He was a great administrator.
● Shivaji was succeeded by Sambhaji who was captured and put to death by Aurangzeb.
● Rajaram ruled only as the representative of Shahu—the son of Shambhaji who was imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Rajaram never occupied the Maratha throne.
● After the death of Raja Ram Maratha war of independence was carried on by his wife Tarabai.
● VascodeGama came to India as the representative of the ruler of Portugal. He met Zamorin of Calicut and obtained trade facilities.
● In 1492 Pope Alexander VI granted the Portuguese the monopoly to trade with the east.
● From 1505 to 1509, Almeda remained in India as the first Portuguese Governor.
● Albukirk was the successor of Almeda in India. His objective was to establish a Portuguese colony in India by intermarrying with Indians.
● After coming to India, the Dutch established their trade centres at Surat, Bharaunch, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Chinsura, Kasim Bazar, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattanam, Kochin, Masulipattanam and Agra.
● The main aim of the Dutch was to trade with the Islands of south-east Asia. India was just a passage for them. This is why the Dutch faced no rivalry with other European companies.
● In 1608, under the leadership of Captain Hawkins, the English fleet reached India.
● In 1717 the Mughal King Farrukh Siyar granted a Firman to the British giving them the trade rights.
● In 1692, the Nawab of Bengal issued an order to the French Company and they established a commercial Factory at Chandranagar
● The Jain temples of Dilwara were constructed during the period of Parmars.
● In Udaipur Prashasti, Munj is entitled ‘Kavi Vrish’ due to his literary attainments.
● Qutubuddin was purchased as a slave in his childhood by Qazi Fakruddin Abdul Aziz Koofi.
● Qutubuddin did not issue coins or got ‘Khutba’ read in his name after accession to Delhi throne.
● Qutubuddin Aibak was buried at Lahore after his death.
● Iltutmish established the Shamsi dynasty.
● Iltutmish organized the group of his 40 slaves which is famous in history as Turkan-i-Chahalgami.
● Yalduz and Nasiruddin Qubacha were prominent rivals of Iltutmish.
● Iltutmish organized the ‘Iqta army’.
● Iltutmish issued the coins—‘Taka’ of silver and ‘Jeetal’ of copper.
● Iltutmish was the first Sultan who issued pure Arabic coins.
● On 18th February, 1229, the representatives of the Caliph of Baghdad came to Delhi and they gave the Investiture of the Caliph to Iltutmish. The Caliph thus accepted him as the Sultan of Delhi. Now Delhi became a free state legitimately.
● According to Barni, Balban organized his Court on the Iranian pattern.
● Balban started the system of ‘Sijda’ and ‘Paibos’ during his reign.
● Balban’s theory of kingship was based upon—Power, Prestige and Justice. His main objective was to maintain his control upon the administrative officials.
● The Mongol leader Changez Khan was known as the ‘Curse of God’.
● The coronation of Jalaluddin Feroz Shah was done in 1290 at the Kilokhari Apurna Palace built by Kaikubad.
● At the time of his accession on the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin Khalji assumed the title of Abul Mujaffar Sultan Alauddinia and Deen Mohammad Shah Khalji.
● Jalaluddin Feroz Shah Khalji granted to Alauddin Khalji, the post of Amir-i-Tujuk.
● During Alauddin’s time approximately 75 to 80 per cent of the peasant’s produce was charged as tax.
● The main tasks of Diwan-i-Ariz were to recruit the soldiers, to disburse the salary, to well equip the army, to make arrangements for inspection and to proceed with the Commander-in-Chief in times of war.
● The main tasks of the Diwan-i-Insha was to draft royal orders and letters and to maintain the govt. records. He also conducted correspondence with the local officers.
● Alauddin Khalji introduced market reforms and fixed the prices of various items and goods.
● Munhiyan or detectives were appointed to keep a watch over the market and report the Sultan of the same.
● Barid-i-Mandi was an employee who informed the Sultan of the quality of the material sold in the market.
● ‘Khams’ was the war booty. The 4/5 of the loot was submitted to the royal treasury. Only 1/5 was distributed among the soldiers.
● Alauddin Khalji established a new department Diwan-i-Mustakharaj in order to check the corruption of Revenue department and to maintain control on the concerned officers.
● Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah rejected the rigid rules of Alauddin Khalji and pursued the policy of forgive and forget.
● Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Ghazi was a Qaruna turk.
● Mohammad Tughlaq has been called, an unfortunate idealist
● Due to shortage of money in the treasury and to meet the expenses of Imperialist policy, Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq issued token currency.
● Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq planned invasion of Khurasan and Iraq but did not carry it out.
● Diwan-i-Kohi was the name of agriculture department organized by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
● Elphinston was the first historian who believed that there was some signs of madness in Mohammad Tughlaq.
● Feroz Shah abolished 24 taxes disliked by people.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq following dictum of Quran. levied only 4 taxes named Kharaj, Khums, Zazia and Zakat.
● Feroz Shah brought the two Asokan pillars from Khijrabad and Meerut to Delhi.
● During the period of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the two books Fatwa-i-Jahandari and Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi were written by Barni.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography entitled Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq established a new department of charity at Delhi known as Diwan-i-Khairat.
● Feroz Shah’s book ‘Dalayat-i-Feroz Shahi’ was a work translated into Persian.
● Taimur invaded India in 1398.
● Sikandar Lodhi was the greatest of the Lodhi kings.
● In the Sultanate period, the Wazir was the Prime Minister of the Sultan.
● The department of the Wazir was known as the Diwan-i-Wizarat.
● In the Sultanate period, the Mushrif-i-Mumaliq maintained the account of the income and expenditure of the provinces.
● In the Sultanate period, the Chief Auditor of Accounts was called Mustafa-i-Mamaliq. His main work was to inspect the accounts prepared by Mushraf-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of military department was called, Ariz-i-Mamaliq who was not the Commander-in-Chief of the army.
● Dabir-i-Khas was the chairman of the correspondence department.
● Department of Diwan-i-Insha worked under Dabir-i-Khas who issued the royal Firmans (orders).
● The Treasurer was called Khajij and the Chief Justice was called Qazi-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of the Construction department was called Mir-i-Imarat.
● The Public Hall of the Sultan was called Durbar-i-Azam.
● The Sultan divided the empire into Iqtas orprovinces.
● Iqta was divided into samll shiks or districts.
● Jakat was the tax which covered the taxes of ‘Sadpa’ and ‘Tith’.
● Qutubuddin Aibak had built the mosque known as Quwwattul-Islam near the Delhi Fort of Rai Pithora.
● The famous mosque at Ajmer known as Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was constructed by Qutubuddin Aibak.
● Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was earlier a Sanskrit school which was built by Vigrahraj Bisaldeo.
● Alai Darwaza which is considered to be the most precious jewel of Islamic architecture was built by Alauddin Khalji.
● The new city of Siri and the Hazaar Situn palace in this city were built by Alauddin Khalji.
● In the period of Sikander Lodhi, his Wazir built the Moth mosque.
● The mosque of Attala is one of the best buildings of Sharqi style.
● The Jhajhanri mosque at Jaunpur was built by Ibrahim Sharqi in about 1430.
● The most important mosque at Jaunpur known as Jami mosque was built by Hussain Shah Sharqi.
● The mosque of Lal Darwaza at Jaunpur, was built in the middle of the 15th century.
● The Vijay Nagar kingdom was divided into 6 provinces. The chief of the province was known as Prantpati or Nayak.
● The province was divided into Nadu or districts.
● The provincial rulers were allowed to issue their coins.
● In the Vijay Nagar empire Brahmans were the most respected. The criminal Brahman was exempled from capital punishment.
● Women enjoyed honourable status. Many of them learnt the art of warfare. They were appointed as bodyguards.
● Krishnadeo Ray is designated as the Andhra Pitamah.
● Gold coins were used and they were called ‘Barah’.
● Mixed metal coins were called Partab.
● Kabir who adopted the Gyanashrayi branch of the Nirgun sect, was the disciple of Ramanand.
● Namdeo was born in a small village of Satara district in 1220.
● Sabad refer to the composition related to Yog Sadhana.
● Guru Nanak was born in a small village Talwandi near Lahor.
● To reform a society ridden with ritualism and superstitious, he preached the Nirguna sect.
● The fifth Sikh Guru Arjundeo systematized the composition of Guru Nanak in ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
● Malik Mohammad Jayasi earned great name and fame for his work Padmavat.
● The first invasion of Babar on India was conducted in 1519. During this invasion, he conquered Bajaur and Bhera. He went back from here. When he left these two places were lost to the Moghuls.
● Babar again invaded India in 1526, for the fifth time and he did not go back this time. He founded the Moghul empire in India.
● He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi by adopting his trusted war tactics of Tulughma.
● Babar used Artillery for the first time in the battle of Panipat.
● Babar defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in the battle of Khanva in 1527. He scored a victory over Afghans in battle of ‘Ghaghara’ in 1529.
● Babar declared the Chanderi war as Jehad and he constructed a minarate of the heads of the dead Rajputs.
● Babar wrote his autobiography Tujuk-i-Babri in Turkish language.
● Mirza Haider Speaks about numerous qualities of Babar in his book—Tarikh-i-Rashidi.
● Babar’s daughter Gulbadan Begum enumerated the qualities of Babar in her book, Humayun Nama.
● Babar in his reign abolished the tax Tamagha.
● Babar wrote Risala-i-Validiya in Turkish poetry which was orginally the work of Khwaja Obei-dullah.
● Babar learnt the use of artillery from Ustad Ali and Mustafa—his two Turkish officers.
● The name of Humayun’s mother was Maham Sultana.
● In 1544 Humayun took shelter with Shah Tahmasp, the ruler of Iran.
● In July 1555, Humayun again occupied the throne of Delhi.
● Humayun died on 27 January, 1556 as a result of a sudden fall from the stairs of the Din-Panah Library.
● Shershah was a great conqueror. He fought and won a grim battle against Maldeo of Marwar.
● Shershah introduced currency reform, extanded transport system by building, roads, most famous being present day G. T. Road and reformed revenue system by classifying agricultural land and introducing measurement of land.
● During the administration of Shershah, the Diwan-i-Vizarat looked after the tax system and economy and maintained the accounts of the income and expenditure of the State.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Ariz was to recruit the army, supply the food and look after education.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Rasalat was to conduct correspondence with other States and to maintain contact with them.
● The duty of the Diwan-i-Insha was to write emperor’s orders and records of accounts.
● The credit to solve the early difficulties of Akbar and to safeguard the Mughal empire goes to Bairam Khan.
● From 1556 to 1560 the reins of Mughal administration remained in the hands to Bairam Khan.
● At Tilwara, a war was fought between Bairam Khan and the army of Akbar. Bairam Khan was defeated.
● In early days of his rule Akbar was under the influence of Harem particularly his foster another Maham Anga. This is why some historian call the early years of Akbar as ‘Purda-rule’ or Petticoat government.
● When Maham Anga died, the so-called short Petticoat government of Akbar’s time ended.
● In 1562 Akbar abolished the slavery system.
● Akbar was the first muslim ruler who got maximum success in Rajasthan.
● Akbar’s second attack on Gujarat is considered to be not only the fastest invasion of Akbar’s time but the fastest in the history of the world of that age.
● In 1595 during Akbar’s time. Muzaffar Hussain was the Persian Governor of Qandahar.
● Akbar’s mother Hamida Bano Begum was a religious lady of a Sufi Shia family.
● Raja Birbal died fighting on the royal side in the Afghan-Baluchi rebellion during Akbar’s time.
● In 1571 was built an Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri where every Thrusday, religious deliberation were held.
● Akbar was also impressed by Jainism. He invited the eminent Jain scholar Heer Vijay Suri from Tam Gachh in Gujarat to know about this religion.
● Impressed by Zorastrianism, the holy fire was kept burning in Akbar’s palace.
● Following the tradition of Hindu kings, Akbar started appearing for Darshan of his people from the Jharokha of his palace.
● In Akbar’s time, the Prime Minister was known Wazir or Vakil-i-Mutlaq.
● In Akbar’s time, the Finance Minister was called Wazir or Deewan.
● Mujaffar Khan was the first to be appointed as Wazir during Akbar’s time.
● The assistants of Deewan, known as Sahib-i-Taujeeh looked after the accounts of the Army.
● Another assistant of Deewan, Deewan-i-Bayutoot, looked after the Industries of different kinds.
● The officer who managed the royal treasury was known as Mushrif-i-Khazana.
● Meer Saman in Akbar’s time, managed the affairs of the royal palace, Haram and kitchen.
● In Akbar’s time, Amal Guzar was the officer who collected the revenue from the districts.
● Bitikchi prepared the data about the quality of land and its produce. On the same basis, the Amal Guzar fixed the revenue. Bitikchi was the second important officer in the Revenue department.
● Amil collected the revenue from the Pargana.
● In Akbar’s time, the clerk was called Karkun. His main task was to record the cultivable land in the Pargana and keep an account of the realized and unrealized revenue.
● Akabar introduced Mansabdari system with its ranks of Jat and Sawar based on decimal system.
● According to Blochman, Zat was the definite number of soldiers, the Mansabdars had to keep with them.
● According to Blochman the Sawar meant the definite number of cavalry.
● In Akbar’s time, there were four kinds of land—Polaj, Chacher, Parauti and Banjar.
● In Akbar’s time, Ibrahim Sarhindi translated the Sanskrit text of Atharva Ved in Persian.
● Mulla Shah Mohammad translated in Persian Raj Tarangini of Kalhan.
● Maulana Sherry translated Hari Vansh Puran in Persian.
● Abul Fazal translated Panch Tantra in Persian.
● Faizi translated the story of Nal Damayanti in Persian.
● The history of Islam was compiled in Tarikh-i-Alfi. It is a famous book.
● Akbar established a separate department of Painting, the chairman of this department was the famous painter Khwaja Abdus Samad.
● Abdussamad was an inhabitant of Persia who came to India from Shiraz. He was adorned with the title of Shirin Qalam for his attainments.
● Mohammad Hussain, the famous author of Akbar’s Court was adorned with the title of Zari Qalam.
● Akbar built the Fort of Allahabad.
● The first building of Akbar’s time was Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built under the guidance of his step mother Haji Begum.
● The main mason who built Humayun’s tomb belonged to Iran and his name was Mirza Meerak Ghyas.
● Akbar was born on Sunday. Hence Jahangir declared Sunday as a pious day.
● Nur Jahan was an educated lady. She was specially interested in music, painting and poetry. She composed poetry in Persian.
● The first Englishman to come to the Mughal Court was captain Hawkins.
● Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the guardian and tutor of Jahangir.
● The English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe came to India during Jahangir’s time.
● The Jahangir’s autobiography is Tujuk-i-Jahangiri.
● Shahjahan was born on 5 January, 1592 at Lahore. The name of his mother was Jagat Gosain.
● Two big rebellions broke out during Shahjahan’s time. One was the revolt of the ruler of Bundelkhand named Jujhar Singh and the other was the revolt in south under the leadership of Khan-i-Jahan Lodhi.
● The title of Malika-i-Zamani was conferred upon Arjumand Bano Begum.
● The first coronation of Aurangzeb was performed on 31 July, 1658 and the second coronation took place on 15 June, 1659.
● Aurangzeb passed an order and prohibited the repairs of the temples by the Hindus.
● Aurangzeb appointed Subedars and Muhatsibs to check the spread of education and Hinduism.
● Aurangzeb again levied Zazia upon Hindus.
● Under Aurangzeb, the Hindu traders paid 5% tax on goods while the Muslim traders were free from this tax.
● Aurangzeb issued orders to prohibit the celebration of Holi, Diwali and Basant etc. in the Mughal Court.
● Gokul and Raja Ram were the leaders of Jat revolt against Aurangzeb. After the death of Rajaram, his brother’s son named Churaman continued the revolt. The Jat rebellion went on till the death of Aurangzeb
and the Jats succeeded in establishing a free Jat state of Bharatpur near Mathura.
● In 1681, Akbar, the son of Aurangzeb revolted against him.
● The 9th Guru of the Sikh order, Guru Tegh Bahadur openly protested against the religious policy of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb called him to Delhi and asked him to accept Islam. When he refused, he was beheaded.
● Shivaji was the founder of Maratha State. He fought against the state of Deccan, as well as the mughal empire. He was a great administrator.
● Shivaji was succeeded by Sambhaji who was captured and put to death by Aurangzeb.
● Rajaram ruled only as the representative of Shahu—the son of Shambhaji who was imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Rajaram never occupied the Maratha throne.
● After the death of Raja Ram Maratha war of independence was carried on by his wife Tarabai.
● VascodeGama came to India as the representative of the ruler of Portugal. He met Zamorin of Calicut and obtained trade facilities.
● In 1492 Pope Alexander VI granted the Portuguese the monopoly to trade with the east.
● From 1505 to 1509, Almeda remained in India as the first Portuguese Governor.
● Albukirk was the successor of Almeda in India. His objective was to establish a Portuguese colony in India by intermarrying with Indians.
● After coming to India, the Dutch established their trade centres at Surat, Bharaunch, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Chinsura, Kasim Bazar, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattanam, Kochin, Masulipattanam and Agra.
● The main aim of the Dutch was to trade with the Islands of south-east Asia. India was just a passage for them. This is why the Dutch faced no rivalry with other European companies.
● In 1608, under the leadership of Captain Hawkins, the English fleet reached India.
● In 1717 the Mughal King Farrukh Siyar granted a Firman to the British giving them the trade rights.
● In 1692, the Nawab of Bengal issued an order to the French Company and they established a commercial Factory at Chandranagar
Ancient India - Facts
Ancient India Facts
- According to Greek philosophers slavery did not exist in ancient
India. - Aryabhatta, the great astronomer and scientist, discovered zero.
The number system was also invented in ancient India. - The Indus valley civilization was one of the most advance
civilizations in terms of town planning etc. - During the ancient period there were many famous and important
centers of learning in India- Taxila and Nalanda, where thousands of
students from all over studied different subjects. - The earliest school of medicine known to humans is Ayurveda.
Ayurveda was developed mainly by Charaka, the great Indian
physician, during ancient times. It is the only system which takes
the holistic view of the person being treated. - India was known as golden bird because of her wealth. The later
invaders came to India in search of wealth. - Bhaskaracharya, the great astronomer and mathematician of ancient
India, was the first person to calculate the time taken by the earth
to orbit the sun. - It was during the 6th century that Budhayana first calculated the
value of pie and explained the concept of Pythagoras theorem. - It is interesting to note that ancient India was so advanced in
science and mathematics that Algebra, trigonometry and calculus all
came from India. In the 11th century Sridharacharya propounded the
Quadratic equations. - Ancient Indians had a well developed concept of water harvesting.
The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in
Saurashtra. This lake was called Sudarshana and built by the Shaka
king, Rudradaman. - Chess was a popular game in ancient India.
- The great physician of ancient India, Sushruta conducted
complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs,
fractures, stones, plastic surgery and brain surgery. - Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India.
- Indians established Harappan culture in Indus Valley Civilization, at a time when many cultures comprised of nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago.
- The game of chess was invented in India.
- The birth of Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus happened in India.
- The Decimal and Place Value system originated and developed in India.
- In the 13th century, a poet saint named Gyandev introduced the game of Snakes and Ladders. Known as Mokshapat during those times, the game had a significant meaning. The snakes stood for vices, while the ladders represented good virtues. The essence of the game was that the ladders or good virtues take people to heaven while snakes or vices take people to a cycle of re-births.
- In 700 BC, the world's first university was established in India, in Takshila. It was one of the biggest achievements in the field of education, as more than 10,500 students came from all over the world to receive education in over 60 different subjects. The University of Nalanda was another milestone that was achieved in the field of education in 4th century BC.
- The earliest school of medicine known to mankind was Ayurveda and it originated in India. It was consolidated 2500 years ago by Charaka, the Father of Medicine.
- As many as 6000 years back, the art of navigation was developed in the River Indus, which was known as Sindh then. In fact, the word 'navigation' is a derivation of the Sanskrit word, 'Navgatih'.
- The correct time taken by the earth to revolve around the sun was calculated by the famous astronomer Bhaskaracharya. His calculation showed that the earth takes around 365.258756484 days to go around the sun once.
- In the 6th century, the famous Indian Budhayana mathematician calculated the value of "Pi" and also explained the concept of Pythagoras Theorem.
- In the 11th century, Quadratic Equations were introduced by Sridharacharya. Indians used numbers that were way too big than European numbers. While the latter limited themselves to 106, the Indians went a step ahead and used numbers as big as 1053.
- Surgery existed in India even 2600 years ago, when Sushruta, known as the Father of Surgery, conducted many complex surgeries. The valuable ancient scriptures have detailed information on Cataract, Artificial Limbs, Cesareans, Fractures, Urinary Stone Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Brain Surgeries.
- Anesthesia was used in ancient India and one finds detailed knowledge of the human anatomy and its functions.
- Two major religions, Buddhism and Jainism were established in India in 500 and 600 BC.
- The oldest city in the world that is inhabited even today is Varanasi or Benaras.
- The art of Yoga that is now popular worldwide originated in India only and was performed by highly revered sages, in the ancient times.
March 11, 2010
Minerals and their Significance to a Human Body
| Mineral Elements | Sources | Significance | Effects of deficiency. |
| Macro Elements | |||
| Calcium(Ca)# | Milk, cereals, Cheese, Green Vegetables. | Required for formation of teeth and Bones , blood clotting, function of nerves and muscles | Weak theeth and bones ; retarded body growth. |
| Phosphorus(P) | Weak theeth and bones ; retarded body growth and physiology. | ||
| Sulphur(S) | Many protiens of food. | Component of many amino acids. | Distributed protein metabolism. |
| Pottassium(K) | Meat, milk, cereals,fruits and vegetables. | Required for acid-base balance, water regulation nad function of nerevs.. | Low blood pressure, weak muscles; risk of paralysis.. |
| Chlorine(Cl) | Table salt | Required for acid base balance; component of gastric juice. | Loss of appetite; muscles cramps |
| Magnesium(Mg) | Cereals, green vegetables. | Cofactor of many enzymes of glycolysis anda number of another metabolic reactions dependent upon ATP | Irregularties of metabolism principally affecting nervous functions. |
| Iron(Fe) | Meat, eggs , cereals, green vegetables. | Component of haemoglobin and cytochromes. | Anaemia, weakness and weak immunity. |
| Iodine(I) | Milk, cheese, sea food, iodized salt | important component of thyroxine hormone | Goitre, Cretinism |
Micro Elements |
|||
| Fluorine(F) | Drinking water, tea , sea food | Maintence of bones and teeth. | Weak theeth, larger amount causes motting of teeth. |
| Zinc(Zn) | Cereals, Milk, eggs, meat, sea food | Cofactor of digestive and many other enzymes | Retarded growth, anaemia, rough skin, weak immunity and fertility |
| Copper(Cu) | Meat, dry fruits , POds , Green vegetables, sea food | Cofactor of cytochrome oxidase enzyme.Necessary for iron metabolism and development of blood vessels and connective tissues | Anaemia,weak blood vessels and connective tissues |
| Manganese(MN) | Dry fruits, cereals,tea fruits and green vegetables | Cofactor of some enzymes of urea synthesis and transfer of phosphate group | Irregular growth of bones, cartilages and connective tissues |
| Cobalt(Co) | MIlk, cheese, meat | Important component of vitamin B12 | Anaemia |
| Selenium(SE) | Meat, cereals, sea food | Cofactor of many enzymes; assists vitamin E | Muscular pain; weakness of cardiac muscles |
| Chromium(CR) | Yeast, sea food, meat, some vegetables | Important for catabolic metabolism | Irregularities of catabolic meatbolism and ATP production |
| Molybdenum(MO) | Cereals, pods, some vegetables | Cofactor of some enzymes | Irregular excreation of nitrogenous waste products |
| Vitamin | Chemical Name | Properties | Deficiency disease |
A |
Retinol | General health giving vitamin, can be stored liver | Night blindness |
B1 |
Thiamine | For Growth, carbohydrate metabolism, functioning of heart | Beri-Beri |
B2 |
Riboflavin | For Keeping skin and mouth healthy | Cheilosis |
B5 |
Niacin | For healthy skin, sound mental health | Pellagra |
B6 |
Pyridoxine | Processing of proteins and for nervous system | Convulsions in child |
B12 |
Cynacobalamin | Required for formation and maturation of RBCs | Pernicious anaemia |
C |
Ascorbic Acid | For keeping teeth , gums and joints healthy .Gets destroyed on heating | Scurvy |
D |
Calciferol | For normal bones and teeth, can be stored in liver | Rickets |
E |
Tocopherol | For normal reproduction , removes scars and wrincles | Sterility |
K |
Phylloquinone | For normal clotting of blood | Haemophilia |
Forbes - World/Asia Region's Richest Persons - 2010
| Wold Richest Persons - 2010 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Country | Position/Rank |
| Carlos Slim Helu & Family | Mexico | 1 |
| Bill Gates | USA | 2 |
| Warren Buffet | USA | 3 |
| Mukesh Ambani | India | 4 |
| Lakshmi Mital | India | 5 |
| Asia Region's Richest Persons - 2010 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Country | Position/Rank |
| Mukesh Ambani | India | 1 |
| Lakshmi Mital | India | 2 |
| Aziz Premji | India | 5 |
| Anil Ambani | India | 8 |
March 10, 2010
Highlights of 2010-11 budget presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in parliament Friday February 26, 2010:
Highlights of 2010-11 budget presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in parliament Friday February 26, 2010:
Highlights
· Online news agencies to attract tax
· Sensex surges 350 points on new tax slabs
· Rationalising tax criteria on gaming software
· No hike in service tax
· Corporate surcharge down from 10 per cent to 7.5 per cent
· Liquor prices set to go up
· Prices of gold, silver, precious stones set to rise
· Makers of mobile accessories to get tax breaks
· No taxes on transportation of pulses
· Prices to go up for cars, cement, fuel, cigarettes, air conditioners, TVs, steel
· To restore 7.5 per cent duty on petrol and diesel
· Raise excise duty on all non smoking tobacco
· Uproar over hike in fuel prices in Lok Sabha
· To restore 5 per cent duty on crude petroleum
· Fuel prices likely to go up
· Central exicse duty on petrol and diesel raised to Rs 1 per litre
· Rollback in excise duty to 10 per cent
· Govt announces partial rollback in excise duty
· Excise on large cars, SUVs and MUVs raised to 22 per cent
· Presumptive tax limit raised to Rs 60 lakh
· Investment linked deduction benefit for two star hotels
· Deduction of Rs 20,000 towards infrastructure bonds
· Reduce current surcharge on companies to 7.5 per cent
· Income above 8 lakh - 30 per cent tax
· Income from 5 lakh to 8 lakh - 20 per cent tax
· Income between 1.6 lakh to 5 lakh - 10 per cent tax
· No tax on income up to Rs 1.6 lakh
· IT department to notify Saral 2 forms
· Net market borrowing pegged at Rs 3.45 lakh crore
· IT return forms to be more user friendly
· Govt to bring subsidy related liability into fiscal accounting
· Borrowing plan to be decided in consultation with RBI
· FY 10 budget deficit seen at 6.9 per cent of GDP
· FY 13 fiscal deficit target at 4.1 per cent
· Fy 12 fiscal deficit target at 4.8 per cent
· Govt to set up National Mission of Delivery of Justice
· Gross tax receipts seen at Rs 7.46 lakh crore in FY'11
· Fiscal deficit target of 5.5 per cent in FY11
· 15 per cent increase in plan expenditure
· Defence Capex rasied to Rs 60000 crore for FY'11
· Allocation for defence raised to 1.47 lakh crore
· UIDA to roll out first set of IDs by end of 2010
· Allocation of Rs 1900 crore to Unique Identity Project
· Allocation to minority welfare ministry Rs 2600 crore
· Govt to contribute Rs 1000 per month for pension security
· Home loans up to Rs 20 lakh to get 1 per cent subvention up to March 2011
· Allocated RS 66,100 crore for rural development
· Social Security Fund to have a corpus of Rs 1000 crore
· National Social Security Fund for unorganised sector
· Extend interest subvention for housing loans up to Rs Rs 10 lakh
· To allocate Rs 10,000 crore to Indira Aawas Yojana
· Rs 1200 crore assistance for drought in Bundelkhand
· To allocate 48000 crore for Bharat Nirman
· Allocation to NREGA raised to Rs 41,000 crore
· To allocate 22,300 crore allocation for health ministry
· Social sector spending at 1.38 lakh crore for FY11
· 25 pc of plan allocation for development of rural infrastructure
· To increase plan allocation for education to 31600 crore
· Rs 300 crore of Krishi Vikas Yojna
· Body for macro supervision of big companies
· Annual health survey to be conducted in rural areas in 2011
· Govt ready with draft food securty bill
· To provide one time grant to Tirupur exports
· Competitive bidding for coal block for power sector
· Allocation for power sector Rs 5130 crore in FY11
· Allocation for road infrastructure raised to 19,894 crore
· Rs 1.73 lakh crore or 46 per cent of the plan allocation for infrastructure
· Oil ministry to consider Parikh report in due time
· Crop loan interest subvention for timely repayment raised to 2 per cent
· Period of repayment of farm loan waiver extended to June 30
· Farm credit target raised to Rs 3.75 lakh crores for FY11
· Govt to take a firm view on opening up retail trade
· More captial for rural banks
· Govt to provide credit support to farmers
· RBI will give addtional licenses to private banks
· Challenge is to make growth inclusive
· FDI regime has been simplified by the government
· India received more FDIs last FY
· Disinvestment target Rs 25000 crore this year
· Good and Services Tax to be in place next year
· Valuation of listed PSUs has increased greatly
· Listing of PSUs will ensure corporate governance
· Govt will implement direct tax code by April 1, 2010
· Process to make a simple taxation system
· Need to make growth broad-based
· Gradual phasing out of fiscal stimulus
· With economy recovering, need to review public spending
· Bad monsoon affected food prices adversely
· Food inflation should come down in 2010-11: Pranab
· Export figures for January have been encouraging: Pranab
· Hope to breach 10% growth mark in the near future: Pranab
· Manufacturing has been a growth driver: Pranab
· Growth registered a strong rebound in the second quarter: Pranab
· Govt must deliever to lesser privileged sector: Pranab
· Economy stabilised in first quarter of 2009-10: Pranab
· We have to sustain food security in rural areas: Pranab
· Modernisation of PDS a priority for the govt: Pranab
· Our task is to quickly revert to high GDP growth path: Pranab
· Challenge to make development more inclusive: Pranab
· Indian economy is in far better position now: Pranab
· Pranab Mukherjee begins Budget speech
· Pranab Mukherjee reaches Parliament
· Banks raise deposit rates ahead of budget.
· Mukherjee is scheduled to begin his budget speech at 11 am.
· Budget is expected to slash the deficit as the economy rebounds.
· Government borrowing was forecast to rise by another 2.2 per cent.
· Investors were hoping FM will also be firm on keeping borrowing in check.
· Calls for fiscal discipline are urgent as inflation is forecast to reach 10 pc in coming weeks.
· Mukherjee may also unveil plans to address shortfalls in food production and distribution.
· Budget may include initiatives to address India's chronic infrastructure deficit
Highlights
· Online news agencies to attract tax
· Sensex surges 350 points on new tax slabs
· Rationalising tax criteria on gaming software
· No hike in service tax
· Corporate surcharge down from 10 per cent to 7.5 per cent
· Liquor prices set to go up
· Prices of gold, silver, precious stones set to rise
· Makers of mobile accessories to get tax breaks
· No taxes on transportation of pulses
· Prices to go up for cars, cement, fuel, cigarettes, air conditioners, TVs, steel
· To restore 7.5 per cent duty on petrol and diesel
· Raise excise duty on all non smoking tobacco
· Uproar over hike in fuel prices in Lok Sabha
· To restore 5 per cent duty on crude petroleum
· Fuel prices likely to go up
· Central exicse duty on petrol and diesel raised to Rs 1 per litre
· Rollback in excise duty to 10 per cent
· Govt announces partial rollback in excise duty
· Excise on large cars, SUVs and MUVs raised to 22 per cent
· Presumptive tax limit raised to Rs 60 lakh
· Investment linked deduction benefit for two star hotels
· Deduction of Rs 20,000 towards infrastructure bonds
· Reduce current surcharge on companies to 7.5 per cent
· Income above 8 lakh - 30 per cent tax
· Income from 5 lakh to 8 lakh - 20 per cent tax
· Income between 1.6 lakh to 5 lakh - 10 per cent tax
· No tax on income up to Rs 1.6 lakh
· IT department to notify Saral 2 forms
· Net market borrowing pegged at Rs 3.45 lakh crore
· IT return forms to be more user friendly
· Govt to bring subsidy related liability into fiscal accounting
· Borrowing plan to be decided in consultation with RBI
· FY 10 budget deficit seen at 6.9 per cent of GDP
· FY 13 fiscal deficit target at 4.1 per cent
· Fy 12 fiscal deficit target at 4.8 per cent
· Govt to set up National Mission of Delivery of Justice
· Gross tax receipts seen at Rs 7.46 lakh crore in FY'11
· Fiscal deficit target of 5.5 per cent in FY11
· 15 per cent increase in plan expenditure
· Defence Capex rasied to Rs 60000 crore for FY'11
· Allocation for defence raised to 1.47 lakh crore
· UIDA to roll out first set of IDs by end of 2010
· Allocation of Rs 1900 crore to Unique Identity Project
· Allocation to minority welfare ministry Rs 2600 crore
· Govt to contribute Rs 1000 per month for pension security
· Home loans up to Rs 20 lakh to get 1 per cent subvention up to March 2011
· Allocated RS 66,100 crore for rural development
· Social Security Fund to have a corpus of Rs 1000 crore
· National Social Security Fund for unorganised sector
· Extend interest subvention for housing loans up to Rs Rs 10 lakh
· To allocate Rs 10,000 crore to Indira Aawas Yojana
· Rs 1200 crore assistance for drought in Bundelkhand
· To allocate 48000 crore for Bharat Nirman
· Allocation to NREGA raised to Rs 41,000 crore
· To allocate 22,300 crore allocation for health ministry
· Social sector spending at 1.38 lakh crore for FY11
· 25 pc of plan allocation for development of rural infrastructure
· To increase plan allocation for education to 31600 crore
· Rs 300 crore of Krishi Vikas Yojna
· Body for macro supervision of big companies
· Annual health survey to be conducted in rural areas in 2011
· Govt ready with draft food securty bill
· To provide one time grant to Tirupur exports
· Competitive bidding for coal block for power sector
· Allocation for power sector Rs 5130 crore in FY11
· Allocation for road infrastructure raised to 19,894 crore
· Rs 1.73 lakh crore or 46 per cent of the plan allocation for infrastructure
· Oil ministry to consider Parikh report in due time
· Crop loan interest subvention for timely repayment raised to 2 per cent
· Period of repayment of farm loan waiver extended to June 30
· Farm credit target raised to Rs 3.75 lakh crores for FY11
· Govt to take a firm view on opening up retail trade
· More captial for rural banks
· Govt to provide credit support to farmers
· RBI will give addtional licenses to private banks
· Challenge is to make growth inclusive
· FDI regime has been simplified by the government
· India received more FDIs last FY
· Disinvestment target Rs 25000 crore this year
· Good and Services Tax to be in place next year
· Valuation of listed PSUs has increased greatly
· Listing of PSUs will ensure corporate governance
· Govt will implement direct tax code by April 1, 2010
· Process to make a simple taxation system
· Need to make growth broad-based
· Gradual phasing out of fiscal stimulus
· With economy recovering, need to review public spending
· Bad monsoon affected food prices adversely
· Food inflation should come down in 2010-11: Pranab
· Export figures for January have been encouraging: Pranab
· Hope to breach 10% growth mark in the near future: Pranab
· Manufacturing has been a growth driver: Pranab
· Growth registered a strong rebound in the second quarter: Pranab
· Govt must deliever to lesser privileged sector: Pranab
· Economy stabilised in first quarter of 2009-10: Pranab
· We have to sustain food security in rural areas: Pranab
· Modernisation of PDS a priority for the govt: Pranab
· Our task is to quickly revert to high GDP growth path: Pranab
· Challenge to make development more inclusive: Pranab
· Indian economy is in far better position now: Pranab
· Pranab Mukherjee begins Budget speech
· Pranab Mukherjee reaches Parliament
· Banks raise deposit rates ahead of budget.
· Mukherjee is scheduled to begin his budget speech at 11 am.
· Budget is expected to slash the deficit as the economy rebounds.
· Government borrowing was forecast to rise by another 2.2 per cent.
· Investors were hoping FM will also be firm on keeping borrowing in check.
· Calls for fiscal discipline are urgent as inflation is forecast to reach 10 pc in coming weeks.
· Mukherjee may also unveil plans to address shortfalls in food production and distribution.
· Budget may include initiatives to address India's chronic infrastructure deficit
List of Padma Awardees - 2010
Padma Vibhushan
1. Shri
Ebrahim Alkazi (Art), Delhi
2. Shri Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (Art), Tamil Nadu
3. Smt. Zohra Segal (Art), Delhi
4. Dr. Yaga Venugopal Reddy (Public Affairs), Andhra Pradesh
5. Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (Science and Engineering),
UK*
6. Dr. Prathap Chandra Reddy (Trade and Industry), Tamil
Nadu
Padma Bhushan
1. Shri
Ilaiyaraaja (Art), Tamil Nadu
2. Shri Aamir Khan (Art), Maharashtra
3. Shri Akbar Padamsee (Art), Maharashtra
4. Shri Allah Rakha Rahman (Art), Tamil Nadu
5. Pandit Chhannulal Mishra (Art), Uttar Pradesh
6. Smt. Kumudini Lakhia (Art), Gujarat
7. Shri Kuzhur Narayana Marar (Art), Kerala
8. Prof. Madhusudan Amilal Dhaky (Art), Gujarat
9. Ms. Mallika Sarabhai (Art), Gujarat
10. Prof. (Dr.) Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana (Art), Andhra
Pradesh
11. Pandit (Dr.) Puttaraj Gavai (Art), Karnataka
12. Shri Ram Kumar (Art), Delhi
13. Shri Shrinivas Vinayak Khale (Art), Maharashtra
14. Ustad Sultan Khan (Art), Maharashtra
15. Shri B.K. Chaturvedi (Civil Service), Delhi
16. Shri Moosa Raza (Civil Service), Delhi
17. Dr. P. R. Dubhashi (Civil Service), Maharashtra
18. Shri Fareed Zakaria (Journalism), USA*
19. Shri Anil Bordia (Literature and Education), Rajasthan
20. Prof. Bipan Chandra (Literature and Education), Delhi
21. Shri G.P. Chopra (Literature and Education), Delhi
22. Prof. Mohammad Amin (Literature and Education), Delhi
23. Prof. Satya Vrat Shastri (Literature and Education),
Delhi
24. Prof. Tan Chung (Literature and Education), USA*
25. Prof. Belle Monappa Hegde (Medicine), Karnataka
26. Shri. E.T. Narayanan Mooss (Medicine), Kerala
27. Dr. Noshir M. Shroff (Medicine), Delhi
28. Dr. Panniyampilly Krishna Warrier (Medicine), Kerala
29. Dr. Rama kant Madanmohan Panda (Medicine), Maharashtra
30. Prof. (Dr.) Satya Paul Agarwal (Medicine), Delhi
31. Prof. Abhijit Sen (Public Affairs), Delhi
32. Shri Sailesh Kumar Bandyopadhyay (Public Affairs), West
Bengal
33. Shri Sant Singh Chatwal (Public Affairs), USA*
34. Prof. Arogyaswami Joseph Paulraj (Science and
Engineering), USA*
35. Prof. Bikash Chandra Sinha (Science and Engineering),
West Bengal
36. Shri Jagdish Chandra Kapur (Science and Engineering),
Delhi
37. Dr. Balagangadharanatha Swamiji (Social Work), Karnataka
38. Shri Eknath Rao alias Balasaheb Vikhe Patil (Social
Work), Maharashtra
39. Capt. C.P. Krishnan Nair (Trade and Industry),
Maharashtra
40. Dr. Kushal Pal Singh (Trade and Industry), Delhi
41. Shri Manvinder Singh Banga alias Vindi Banga (Trade and
Industry), UK*
42. Shri Narayanan Vaghul (Trade and Industry), Tamil Nadu
43. Shri S. P. Oswal (Trade and Industry), Punjab
Padma Shri
1. Shri Gulam
Mohammed Mir (Public Service), Jammu and Kashmir
2. Ms. Rekha (Art), Maharashtra
3. Shri Arjun Prajapati (Art), Rajasthan
4. Ms. Arundhati Nag (Art), Karnataka
5. Ms. Carmel Berkson (Art), Maharashtra
6. Ustad F. Wasifuddin Dagar (Art), Delhi
7. Smt. Gul Bardhan (Art), Madhya Pradesh
8. Smt Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (Art), Manipur
9. Shri Hari Uppal (Art), Bihar
10. Shri K. Raghavan (Art), Kerala
11. Guru Mayadhar Raut (Art), Delhi
12. Shri Mukund Lath (Art), Rajasthan
13. Shri Nemai Ghosh (Art), West Bengal
14. Pandit Raghunath Panigrahi (Art), Orissa
15. Shri Rajkumar Achouba Singh (Art), Manipur
16. Dr. Ram Dayal Munda (Art), Jharkhand
17. Shri Resul Pokutty (Art), Kerala
18. Shri Saif Ali Khan (Art), Maharashtra
19. Dr. (Smt.) Shobha Raju (Art), Andhra Pradesh
20. Ms. Sumitra Guha (Art), Delhi
21. Pandit Ulhas Kashalkar (Art), West Bengal
22. Shri D.R. Karthikeyan (Civil Service), Delhi
23. Dr. Ranjit Bhargava (Environment Protection),
Uttarakhand
24. Shri Arun Sharma (Literature and Education), Assam
25. Prof. Arvind Kumar (Literature and Education),
Maharashtra
26. Ms. Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar (Literature and Education),
Meghalaya
27. Prof. Govind Chandra Pande (Literature and Education),
Madhya Pradesh
28. Prof. Hamidi Kashmiri (Literature and Education), Jammu
and Kashmir
29. Prof. (Dr.) Hermann Kulke (Literature and Education),
Germany*
30. Shri Janaki Ballav Shastri (Literature and Education),
Bihar
31. Dr. Jitendra Udhampuri (Literature and Education), Jammu
and Kashmir
32. Dr. Lal Bahadur Singh Chauhan (Literature and
Education), Uttar Pradesh
33. Shri Lalzuia Colney (Literature and Education), Mizoram
34. Ms. Maria Aurora Couto (Literature and Education), Goa
35. Dr. (Smt.) Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy alias Y.G.
Parthasarathy (Literature and Education), Tamil Nadu
36. Prof. Ramaranjan Mukherji (Literature and Education),
West Bengal
37. Dr. Ranganathan Partha-sarathy (Literature and
Education), Tamil Nadu
38. Fr. Romuald D’Souza (Literature and Education), Goa
39. Prof. Sadiq-Ur-Rahman Kidwai (Literature and Education),
Delhi
40. Mr. Sheldon Pollock (Literature and Education), USA*
41. Dr. Surendra Dubey (Literature and Education),
Chhattisgarh
42. Dr. Anil Kumar Bhalla (Medicine), Delhi
43. Dr. Arvinder Singh Soin (Medicine), Uttar Pradesh
44. Dr. B. Ramana Rao (Medicine), Karnataka
45. Dr. Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (Medicine),
Tamil Nadu
46. Dr. K. K. Aggarwal (Medicine), Delhi
47. Prof. Kodaganur S. Gopinath (Medicine), Karnataka
48. Dr. Laxmi Chand Gupta (Medicine), Delhi
49. Dr. Philip Augustine (Medicine), Kerala
50. Dr. Rabindra Narain Singh (Medicine), Bihar
51. Dr. Vikas Mahatme (Medicine), Maharashtra
52. Dr. Rafael Iruzubieta Fernandez (Public Affairs), Spain*
53. Prof. M.R. Satyanarayana Rao (Science and Engineering),
Karnataka
54. Prof. (Dr.) Palpu Pushpangadan (Science and
Engineering), Kerala
55. Prof. Ponisseril Somasundaran (Science and Engineering),
USA*
56. Prof. Pucadyil Ittoop John (Science and Engineering),
Gujarat
57. Dr. Vijay Prasad Dimri (Science and Engineering), Andhra
Pradesh
58. Dr. (Ms.) Vijaylakshmi Ravindranath (Science and
Engineering), Karnataka
59. Ms. Anu Aga (Social Work), Maharashtra
60. Shri Ayekpam Tomba Meetei (Social Work), Manipur
61. Shri Deep Joshi (Social Work), Delhi
62. Dr. J.R. Gangaramani (Social Work), UAE*
63. Shri Kranti Shah (Social Work), Maharashtra
64. Dr. Kurian John Melam-parambil (Social Work), Kerala
65. Baba Sewa Singh (Social Work), Punjab
66. Ms. Sudha Kaul (Social Work), West Bengal
67. Dr. Sudhir M. Parikh (Social Work), USA*
68. Shri Ignace Tirkey (Sports), Orissa
69. Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan (Sports), Tamil Nadu
70. Shri Ramakant Vithal Achrekar (Sports), Maharashtra
71. Ms. Saina Nehwal (Sports), Andhra Pradesh
72. Shri Vijender Singh (Sports), Haryana
73. Shri Virendra Sehwag (Sports), Delhi
74. Dr. Alluri Venkata Satyanarayana Raju (Trade and
Industry), Andhra Pradesh
75. Dr. B. Raveendran Pillai (Trade and Industry), Bahrain*
76. Shri Deepak Puri (Trade and Industry), Delhi
77. Shri Irshad Mirza (Trade and Industry), Uttar Pradesh
78. Brig. Dr. Kapil Mohan (Trade and Industry), Himachal
Pradesh
79. Dr. Karsanbhai Khodidas Patel (Trade and Industry),
Gujarat
80. Shri T.N. Manoharan (Trade and Industry), Tamil Nadu
81. Shri Venu Srinivasan (Trade and Industry), Tamil Nadu
Powers of Prime Minister of India
Powers of Prime Minister of India:-
•Real excutive authority
•He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council and Inter state Council
•The President convenes and prorogues all sessions of Parliament in Consultation with him
•Can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha before expiry
•Appoints the council of ministers
•Allocates portfolios. Can ask a minister to resign & can get him dismissed by President
•Can recommend to the President to declare emergency on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion
•Advises President about President’s Rule in the State or emergency due to financial instability
•Leader of the House
•Real excutive authority
•He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council and Inter state Council
•The President convenes and prorogues all sessions of Parliament in Consultation with him
•Can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha before expiry
•Appoints the council of ministers
•Allocates portfolios. Can ask a minister to resign & can get him dismissed by President
•Can recommend to the President to declare emergency on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion
•Advises President about President’s Rule in the State or emergency due to financial instability
•Leader of the House
Following is the information about Vice President of India
| Election |
|
| Criteria |
|
| Other Points |
|
President of India Qualification
| Qualification |
|
| Election |
|
| Terms and Emoluments |
|
| Impeachment |
|
| Vacancy |
|
| Powers |
|
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