● Made in the times of Bhoj, an idol of ‘Vakdevi’ is at present preserved in the British Museum
● The Jain temples of Dilwara were constructed during the period of Parmars.
● In Udaipur Prashasti, Munj is entitled ‘Kavi Vrish’ due to his literary attainments.
● Qutubuddin was purchased as a slave in his childhood by Qazi Fakruddin Abdul Aziz Koofi.
● Qutubuddin did not issue coins or got ‘Khutba’ read in his name after accession to Delhi throne.
● Qutubuddin Aibak was buried at Lahore after his death.
● Iltutmish established the Shamsi dynasty.
● Iltutmish organized the group of his 40 slaves which is famous in history as Turkan-i-Chahalgami.
● Yalduz and Nasiruddin Qubacha were prominent rivals of Iltutmish.
● Iltutmish organized the ‘Iqta army’.
● Iltutmish issued the coins—‘Taka’ of silver and ‘Jeetal’ of copper.
● Iltutmish was the first Sultan who issued pure Arabic coins.
● On 18th February, 1229, the representatives of the Caliph of Baghdad came to Delhi and they gave the Investiture of the Caliph to Iltutmish. The Caliph thus accepted him as the Sultan of Delhi. Now Delhi became a free state legitimately.
● According to Barni, Balban organized his Court on the Iranian pattern.
● Balban started the system of ‘Sijda’ and ‘Paibos’ during his reign.
● Balban’s theory of kingship was based upon—Power, Prestige and Justice. His main objective was to maintain his control upon the administrative officials.
● The Mongol leader Changez Khan was known as the ‘Curse of God’.
● The coronation of Jalaluddin Feroz Shah was done in 1290 at the Kilokhari Apurna Palace built by Kaikubad.
● At the time of his accession on the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin Khalji assumed the title of Abul Mujaffar Sultan Alauddinia and Deen Mohammad Shah Khalji.
● Jalaluddin Feroz Shah Khalji granted to Alauddin Khalji, the post of Amir-i-Tujuk.
● During Alauddin’s time approximately 75 to 80 per cent of the peasant’s produce was charged as tax.
● The main tasks of Diwan-i-Ariz were to recruit the soldiers, to disburse the salary, to well equip the army, to make arrangements for inspection and to proceed with the Commander-in-Chief in times of war.
● The main tasks of the Diwan-i-Insha was to draft royal orders and letters and to maintain the govt. records. He also conducted correspondence with the local officers.
● Alauddin Khalji introduced market reforms and fixed the prices of various items and goods.
● Munhiyan or detectives were appointed to keep a watch over the market and report the Sultan of the same.
● Barid-i-Mandi was an employee who informed the Sultan of the quality of the material sold in the market.
● ‘Khams’ was the war booty. The 4/5 of the loot was submitted to the royal treasury. Only 1/5 was distributed among the soldiers.
● Alauddin Khalji established a new department Diwan-i-Mustakharaj in order to check the corruption of Revenue department and to maintain control on the concerned officers.
● Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah rejected the rigid rules of Alauddin Khalji and pursued the policy of forgive and forget.
● Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Ghazi was a Qaruna turk.
● Mohammad Tughlaq has been called, an unfortunate idealist
● Due to shortage of money in the treasury and to meet the expenses of Imperialist policy, Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq issued token currency.
● Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq planned invasion of Khurasan and Iraq but did not carry it out.
● Diwan-i-Kohi was the name of agriculture department organized by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
● Elphinston was the first historian who believed that there was some signs of madness in Mohammad Tughlaq.
● Feroz Shah abolished 24 taxes disliked by people.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq following dictum of Quran. levied only 4 taxes named Kharaj, Khums, Zazia and Zakat.
● Feroz Shah brought the two Asokan pillars from Khijrabad and Meerut to Delhi.
● During the period of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the two books Fatwa-i-Jahandari and Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi were written by Barni.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography entitled Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq established a new department of charity at Delhi known as Diwan-i-Khairat.
● Feroz Shah’s book ‘Dalayat-i-Feroz Shahi’ was a work translated into Persian.
● Taimur invaded India in 1398.
● Sikandar Lodhi was the greatest of the Lodhi kings.
● In the Sultanate period, the Wazir was the Prime Minister of the Sultan.
● The department of the Wazir was known as the Diwan-i-Wizarat.
● In the Sultanate period, the Mushrif-i-Mumaliq maintained the account of the income and expenditure of the provinces.
● In the Sultanate period, the Chief Auditor of Accounts was called Mustafa-i-Mamaliq. His main work was to inspect the accounts prepared by Mushraf-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of military department was called, Ariz-i-Mamaliq who was not the Commander-in-Chief of the army.
● Dabir-i-Khas was the chairman of the correspondence department.
● Department of Diwan-i-Insha worked under Dabir-i-Khas who issued the royal Firmans (orders).
● The Treasurer was called Khajij and the Chief Justice was called Qazi-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of the Construction department was called Mir-i-Imarat.
● The Public Hall of the Sultan was called Durbar-i-Azam.
● The Sultan divided the empire into Iqtas orprovinces.
● Iqta was divided into samll shiks or districts.
● Jakat was the tax which covered the taxes of ‘Sadpa’ and ‘Tith’.
● Qutubuddin Aibak had built the mosque known as Quwwattul-Islam near the Delhi Fort of Rai Pithora.
● The famous mosque at Ajmer known as Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was constructed by Qutubuddin Aibak.
● Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was earlier a Sanskrit school which was built by Vigrahraj Bisaldeo.
● Alai Darwaza which is considered to be the most precious jewel of Islamic architecture was built by Alauddin Khalji.
● The new city of Siri and the Hazaar Situn palace in this city were built by Alauddin Khalji.
● In the period of Sikander Lodhi, his Wazir built the Moth mosque.
● The mosque of Attala is one of the best buildings of Sharqi style.
● The Jhajhanri mosque at Jaunpur was built by Ibrahim Sharqi in about 1430.
● The most important mosque at Jaunpur known as Jami mosque was built by Hussain Shah Sharqi.
● The mosque of Lal Darwaza at Jaunpur, was built in the middle of the 15th century.
● The Vijay Nagar kingdom was divided into 6 provinces. The chief of the province was known as Prantpati or Nayak.
● The province was divided into Nadu or districts.
● The provincial rulers were allowed to issue their coins.
● In the Vijay Nagar empire Brahmans were the most respected. The criminal Brahman was exempled from capital punishment.
● Women enjoyed honourable status. Many of them learnt the art of warfare. They were appointed as bodyguards.
● Krishnadeo Ray is designated as the Andhra Pitamah.
● Gold coins were used and they were called ‘Barah’.
● Mixed metal coins were called Partab.
● Kabir who adopted the Gyanashrayi branch of the Nirgun sect, was the disciple of Ramanand.
● Namdeo was born in a small village of Satara district in 1220.
● Sabad refer to the composition related to Yog Sadhana.
● Guru Nanak was born in a small village Talwandi near Lahor.
● To reform a society ridden with ritualism and superstitious, he preached the Nirguna sect.
● The fifth Sikh Guru Arjundeo systematized the composition of Guru Nanak in ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
● Malik Mohammad Jayasi earned great name and fame for his work Padmavat.
● The first invasion of Babar on India was conducted in 1519. During this invasion, he conquered Bajaur and Bhera. He went back from here. When he left these two places were lost to the Moghuls.
● Babar again invaded India in 1526, for the fifth time and he did not go back this time. He founded the Moghul empire in India.
● He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi by adopting his trusted war tactics of Tulughma.
● Babar used Artillery for the first time in the battle of Panipat.
● Babar defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in the battle of Khanva in 1527. He scored a victory over Afghans in battle of ‘Ghaghara’ in 1529.
● Babar declared the Chanderi war as Jehad and he constructed a minarate of the heads of the dead Rajputs.
● Babar wrote his autobiography Tujuk-i-Babri in Turkish language.
● Mirza Haider Speaks about numerous qualities of Babar in his book—Tarikh-i-Rashidi.
● Babar’s daughter Gulbadan Begum enumerated the qualities of Babar in her book, Humayun Nama.
● Babar in his reign abolished the tax Tamagha.
● Babar wrote Risala-i-Validiya in Turkish poetry which was orginally the work of Khwaja Obei-dullah.
● Babar learnt the use of artillery from Ustad Ali and Mustafa—his two Turkish officers.
● The name of Humayun’s mother was Maham Sultana.
● In 1544 Humayun took shelter with Shah Tahmasp, the ruler of Iran.
● In July 1555, Humayun again occupied the throne of Delhi.
● Humayun died on 27 January, 1556 as a result of a sudden fall from the stairs of the Din-Panah Library.
● Shershah was a great conqueror. He fought and won a grim battle against Maldeo of Marwar.
● Shershah introduced currency reform, extanded transport system by building, roads, most famous being present day G. T. Road and reformed revenue system by classifying agricultural land and introducing measurement of land.
● During the administration of Shershah, the Diwan-i-Vizarat looked after the tax system and economy and maintained the accounts of the income and expenditure of the State.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Ariz was to recruit the army, supply the food and look after education.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Rasalat was to conduct correspondence with other States and to maintain contact with them.
● The duty of the Diwan-i-Insha was to write emperor’s orders and records of accounts.
● The credit to solve the early difficulties of Akbar and to safeguard the Mughal empire goes to Bairam Khan.
● From 1556 to 1560 the reins of Mughal administration remained in the hands to Bairam Khan.
● At Tilwara, a war was fought between Bairam Khan and the army of Akbar. Bairam Khan was defeated.
● In early days of his rule Akbar was under the influence of Harem particularly his foster another Maham Anga. This is why some historian call the early years of Akbar as ‘Purda-rule’ or Petticoat government.
● When Maham Anga died, the so-called short Petticoat government of Akbar’s time ended.
● In 1562 Akbar abolished the slavery system.
● Akbar was the first muslim ruler who got maximum success in Rajasthan.
● Akbar’s second attack on Gujarat is considered to be not only the fastest invasion of Akbar’s time but the fastest in the history of the world of that age.
● In 1595 during Akbar’s time. Muzaffar Hussain was the Persian Governor of Qandahar.
● Akbar’s mother Hamida Bano Begum was a religious lady of a Sufi Shia family.
● Raja Birbal died fighting on the royal side in the Afghan-Baluchi rebellion during Akbar’s time.
● In 1571 was built an Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri where every Thrusday, religious deliberation were held.
● Akbar was also impressed by Jainism. He invited the eminent Jain scholar Heer Vijay Suri from Tam Gachh in Gujarat to know about this religion.
● Impressed by Zorastrianism, the holy fire was kept burning in Akbar’s palace.
● Following the tradition of Hindu kings, Akbar started appearing for Darshan of his people from the Jharokha of his palace.
● In Akbar’s time, the Prime Minister was known Wazir or Vakil-i-Mutlaq.
● In Akbar’s time, the Finance Minister was called Wazir or Deewan.
● Mujaffar Khan was the first to be appointed as Wazir during Akbar’s time.
● The assistants of Deewan, known as Sahib-i-Taujeeh looked after the accounts of the Army.
● Another assistant of Deewan, Deewan-i-Bayutoot, looked after the Industries of different kinds.
● The officer who managed the royal treasury was known as Mushrif-i-Khazana.
● Meer Saman in Akbar’s time, managed the affairs of the royal palace, Haram and kitchen.
● In Akbar’s time, Amal Guzar was the officer who collected the revenue from the districts.
● Bitikchi prepared the data about the quality of land and its produce. On the same basis, the Amal Guzar fixed the revenue. Bitikchi was the second important officer in the Revenue department.
● Amil collected the revenue from the Pargana.
● In Akbar’s time, the clerk was called Karkun. His main task was to record the cultivable land in the Pargana and keep an account of the realized and unrealized revenue.
● Akabar introduced Mansabdari system with its ranks of Jat and Sawar based on decimal system.
● According to Blochman, Zat was the definite number of soldiers, the Mansabdars had to keep with them.
● According to Blochman the Sawar meant the definite number of cavalry.
● In Akbar’s time, there were four kinds of land—Polaj, Chacher, Parauti and Banjar.
● In Akbar’s time, Ibrahim Sarhindi translated the Sanskrit text of Atharva Ved in Persian.
● Mulla Shah Mohammad translated in Persian Raj Tarangini of Kalhan.
● Maulana Sherry translated Hari Vansh Puran in Persian.
● Abul Fazal translated Panch Tantra in Persian.
● Faizi translated the story of Nal Damayanti in Persian.
● The history of Islam was compiled in Tarikh-i-Alfi. It is a famous book.
● Akbar established a separate department of Painting, the chairman of this department was the famous painter Khwaja Abdus Samad.
● Abdussamad was an inhabitant of Persia who came to India from Shiraz. He was adorned with the title of Shirin Qalam for his attainments.
● Mohammad Hussain, the famous author of Akbar’s Court was adorned with the title of Zari Qalam.
● Akbar built the Fort of Allahabad.
● The first building of Akbar’s time was Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built under the guidance of his step mother Haji Begum.
● The main mason who built Humayun’s tomb belonged to Iran and his name was Mirza Meerak Ghyas.
● Akbar was born on Sunday. Hence Jahangir declared Sunday as a pious day.
● Nur Jahan was an educated lady. She was specially interested in music, painting and poetry. She composed poetry in Persian.
● The first Englishman to come to the Mughal Court was captain Hawkins.
● Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the guardian and tutor of Jahangir.
● The English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe came to India during Jahangir’s time.
● The Jahangir’s autobiography is Tujuk-i-Jahangiri.
● Shahjahan was born on 5 January, 1592 at Lahore. The name of his mother was Jagat Gosain.
● Two big rebellions broke out during Shahjahan’s time. One was the revolt of the ruler of Bundelkhand named Jujhar Singh and the other was the revolt in south under the leadership of Khan-i-Jahan Lodhi.
● The title of Malika-i-Zamani was conferred upon Arjumand Bano Begum.
● The first coronation of Aurangzeb was performed on 31 July, 1658 and the second coronation took place on 15 June, 1659.
● Aurangzeb passed an order and prohibited the repairs of the temples by the Hindus.
● Aurangzeb appointed Subedars and Muhatsibs to check the spread of education and Hinduism.
● Aurangzeb again levied Zazia upon Hindus.
● Under Aurangzeb, the Hindu traders paid 5% tax on goods while the Muslim traders were free from this tax.
● Aurangzeb issued orders to prohibit the celebration of Holi, Diwali and Basant etc. in the Mughal Court.
● Gokul and Raja Ram were the leaders of Jat revolt against Aurangzeb. After the death of Rajaram, his brother’s son named Churaman continued the revolt. The Jat rebellion went on till the death of Aurangzeb
and the Jats succeeded in establishing a free Jat state of Bharatpur near Mathura.
● In 1681, Akbar, the son of Aurangzeb revolted against him.
● The 9th Guru of the Sikh order, Guru Tegh Bahadur openly protested against the religious policy of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb called him to Delhi and asked him to accept Islam. When he refused, he was beheaded.
● Shivaji was the founder of Maratha State. He fought against the state of Deccan, as well as the mughal empire. He was a great administrator.
● Shivaji was succeeded by Sambhaji who was captured and put to death by Aurangzeb.
● Rajaram ruled only as the representative of Shahu—the son of Shambhaji who was imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Rajaram never occupied the Maratha throne.
● After the death of Raja Ram Maratha war of independence was carried on by his wife Tarabai.
● VascodeGama came to India as the representative of the ruler of Portugal. He met Zamorin of Calicut and obtained trade facilities.
● In 1492 Pope Alexander VI granted the Portuguese the monopoly to trade with the east.
● From 1505 to 1509, Almeda remained in India as the first Portuguese Governor.
● Albukirk was the successor of Almeda in India. His objective was to establish a Portuguese colony in India by intermarrying with Indians.
● After coming to India, the Dutch established their trade centres at Surat, Bharaunch, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Chinsura, Kasim Bazar, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattanam, Kochin, Masulipattanam and Agra.
● The main aim of the Dutch was to trade with the Islands of south-east Asia. India was just a passage for them. This is why the Dutch faced no rivalry with other European companies.
● In 1608, under the leadership of Captain Hawkins, the English fleet reached India.
● In 1717 the Mughal King Farrukh Siyar granted a Firman to the British giving them the trade rights.
● In 1692, the Nawab of Bengal issued an order to the French Company and they established a commercial Factory at Chandranagar
March 12, 2010
Ancient India - Facts
Ancient India Facts
- According to Greek philosophers slavery did not exist in ancient
India. - Aryabhatta, the great astronomer and scientist, discovered zero.
The number system was also invented in ancient India. - The Indus valley civilization was one of the most advance
civilizations in terms of town planning etc. - During the ancient period there were many famous and important
centers of learning in India- Taxila and Nalanda, where thousands of
students from all over studied different subjects. - The earliest school of medicine known to humans is Ayurveda.
Ayurveda was developed mainly by Charaka, the great Indian
physician, during ancient times. It is the only system which takes
the holistic view of the person being treated. - India was known as golden bird because of her wealth. The later
invaders came to India in search of wealth. - Bhaskaracharya, the great astronomer and mathematician of ancient
India, was the first person to calculate the time taken by the earth
to orbit the sun. - It was during the 6th century that Budhayana first calculated the
value of pie and explained the concept of Pythagoras theorem. - It is interesting to note that ancient India was so advanced in
science and mathematics that Algebra, trigonometry and calculus all
came from India. In the 11th century Sridharacharya propounded the
Quadratic equations. - Ancient Indians had a well developed concept of water harvesting.
The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in
Saurashtra. This lake was called Sudarshana and built by the Shaka
king, Rudradaman. - Chess was a popular game in ancient India.
- The great physician of ancient India, Sushruta conducted
complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs,
fractures, stones, plastic surgery and brain surgery. - Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India.
- Indians established Harappan culture in Indus Valley Civilization, at a time when many cultures comprised of nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago.
- The game of chess was invented in India.
- The birth of Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus happened in India.
- The Decimal and Place Value system originated and developed in India.
- In the 13th century, a poet saint named Gyandev introduced the game of Snakes and Ladders. Known as Mokshapat during those times, the game had a significant meaning. The snakes stood for vices, while the ladders represented good virtues. The essence of the game was that the ladders or good virtues take people to heaven while snakes or vices take people to a cycle of re-births.
- In 700 BC, the world's first university was established in India, in Takshila. It was one of the biggest achievements in the field of education, as more than 10,500 students came from all over the world to receive education in over 60 different subjects. The University of Nalanda was another milestone that was achieved in the field of education in 4th century BC.
- The earliest school of medicine known to mankind was Ayurveda and it originated in India. It was consolidated 2500 years ago by Charaka, the Father of Medicine.
- As many as 6000 years back, the art of navigation was developed in the River Indus, which was known as Sindh then. In fact, the word 'navigation' is a derivation of the Sanskrit word, 'Navgatih'.
- The correct time taken by the earth to revolve around the sun was calculated by the famous astronomer Bhaskaracharya. His calculation showed that the earth takes around 365.258756484 days to go around the sun once.
- In the 6th century, the famous Indian Budhayana mathematician calculated the value of "Pi" and also explained the concept of Pythagoras Theorem.
- In the 11th century, Quadratic Equations were introduced by Sridharacharya. Indians used numbers that were way too big than European numbers. While the latter limited themselves to 106, the Indians went a step ahead and used numbers as big as 1053.
- Surgery existed in India even 2600 years ago, when Sushruta, known as the Father of Surgery, conducted many complex surgeries. The valuable ancient scriptures have detailed information on Cataract, Artificial Limbs, Cesareans, Fractures, Urinary Stone Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Brain Surgeries.
- Anesthesia was used in ancient India and one finds detailed knowledge of the human anatomy and its functions.
- Two major religions, Buddhism and Jainism were established in India in 500 and 600 BC.
- The oldest city in the world that is inhabited even today is Varanasi or Benaras.
- The art of Yoga that is now popular worldwide originated in India only and was performed by highly revered sages, in the ancient times.
March 11, 2010
Minerals and their Significance to a Human Body
| Mineral Elements | Sources | Significance | Effects of deficiency. |
| Macro Elements | |||
| Calcium(Ca)# | Milk, cereals, Cheese, Green Vegetables. | Required for formation of teeth and Bones , blood clotting, function of nerves and muscles | Weak theeth and bones ; retarded body growth. |
| Phosphorus(P) | Weak theeth and bones ; retarded body growth and physiology. | ||
| Sulphur(S) | Many protiens of food. | Component of many amino acids. | Distributed protein metabolism. |
| Pottassium(K) | Meat, milk, cereals,fruits and vegetables. | Required for acid-base balance, water regulation nad function of nerevs.. | Low blood pressure, weak muscles; risk of paralysis.. |
| Chlorine(Cl) | Table salt | Required for acid base balance; component of gastric juice. | Loss of appetite; muscles cramps |
| Magnesium(Mg) | Cereals, green vegetables. | Cofactor of many enzymes of glycolysis anda number of another metabolic reactions dependent upon ATP | Irregularties of metabolism principally affecting nervous functions. |
| Iron(Fe) | Meat, eggs , cereals, green vegetables. | Component of haemoglobin and cytochromes. | Anaemia, weakness and weak immunity. |
| Iodine(I) | Milk, cheese, sea food, iodized salt | important component of thyroxine hormone | Goitre, Cretinism |
Micro Elements |
|||
| Fluorine(F) | Drinking water, tea , sea food | Maintence of bones and teeth. | Weak theeth, larger amount causes motting of teeth. |
| Zinc(Zn) | Cereals, Milk, eggs, meat, sea food | Cofactor of digestive and many other enzymes | Retarded growth, anaemia, rough skin, weak immunity and fertility |
| Copper(Cu) | Meat, dry fruits , POds , Green vegetables, sea food | Cofactor of cytochrome oxidase enzyme.Necessary for iron metabolism and development of blood vessels and connective tissues | Anaemia,weak blood vessels and connective tissues |
| Manganese(MN) | Dry fruits, cereals,tea fruits and green vegetables | Cofactor of some enzymes of urea synthesis and transfer of phosphate group | Irregular growth of bones, cartilages and connective tissues |
| Cobalt(Co) | MIlk, cheese, meat | Important component of vitamin B12 | Anaemia |
| Selenium(SE) | Meat, cereals, sea food | Cofactor of many enzymes; assists vitamin E | Muscular pain; weakness of cardiac muscles |
| Chromium(CR) | Yeast, sea food, meat, some vegetables | Important for catabolic metabolism | Irregularities of catabolic meatbolism and ATP production |
| Molybdenum(MO) | Cereals, pods, some vegetables | Cofactor of some enzymes | Irregular excreation of nitrogenous waste products |
| Vitamin | Chemical Name | Properties | Deficiency disease |
A |
Retinol | General health giving vitamin, can be stored liver | Night blindness |
B1 |
Thiamine | For Growth, carbohydrate metabolism, functioning of heart | Beri-Beri |
B2 |
Riboflavin | For Keeping skin and mouth healthy | Cheilosis |
B5 |
Niacin | For healthy skin, sound mental health | Pellagra |
B6 |
Pyridoxine | Processing of proteins and for nervous system | Convulsions in child |
B12 |
Cynacobalamin | Required for formation and maturation of RBCs | Pernicious anaemia |
C |
Ascorbic Acid | For keeping teeth , gums and joints healthy .Gets destroyed on heating | Scurvy |
D |
Calciferol | For normal bones and teeth, can be stored in liver | Rickets |
E |
Tocopherol | For normal reproduction , removes scars and wrincles | Sterility |
K |
Phylloquinone | For normal clotting of blood | Haemophilia |
Forbes - World/Asia Region's Richest Persons - 2010
| Wold Richest Persons - 2010 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Country | Position/Rank |
| Carlos Slim Helu & Family | Mexico | 1 |
| Bill Gates | USA | 2 |
| Warren Buffet | USA | 3 |
| Mukesh Ambani | India | 4 |
| Lakshmi Mital | India | 5 |
| Asia Region's Richest Persons - 2010 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Country | Position/Rank |
| Mukesh Ambani | India | 1 |
| Lakshmi Mital | India | 2 |
| Aziz Premji | India | 5 |
| Anil Ambani | India | 8 |
March 10, 2010
Highlights of 2010-11 budget presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in parliament Friday February 26, 2010:
Highlights of 2010-11 budget presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in parliament Friday February 26, 2010:
Highlights
· Online news agencies to attract tax
· Sensex surges 350 points on new tax slabs
· Rationalising tax criteria on gaming software
· No hike in service tax
· Corporate surcharge down from 10 per cent to 7.5 per cent
· Liquor prices set to go up
· Prices of gold, silver, precious stones set to rise
· Makers of mobile accessories to get tax breaks
· No taxes on transportation of pulses
· Prices to go up for cars, cement, fuel, cigarettes, air conditioners, TVs, steel
· To restore 7.5 per cent duty on petrol and diesel
· Raise excise duty on all non smoking tobacco
· Uproar over hike in fuel prices in Lok Sabha
· To restore 5 per cent duty on crude petroleum
· Fuel prices likely to go up
· Central exicse duty on petrol and diesel raised to Rs 1 per litre
· Rollback in excise duty to 10 per cent
· Govt announces partial rollback in excise duty
· Excise on large cars, SUVs and MUVs raised to 22 per cent
· Presumptive tax limit raised to Rs 60 lakh
· Investment linked deduction benefit for two star hotels
· Deduction of Rs 20,000 towards infrastructure bonds
· Reduce current surcharge on companies to 7.5 per cent
· Income above 8 lakh - 30 per cent tax
· Income from 5 lakh to 8 lakh - 20 per cent tax
· Income between 1.6 lakh to 5 lakh - 10 per cent tax
· No tax on income up to Rs 1.6 lakh
· IT department to notify Saral 2 forms
· Net market borrowing pegged at Rs 3.45 lakh crore
· IT return forms to be more user friendly
· Govt to bring subsidy related liability into fiscal accounting
· Borrowing plan to be decided in consultation with RBI
· FY 10 budget deficit seen at 6.9 per cent of GDP
· FY 13 fiscal deficit target at 4.1 per cent
· Fy 12 fiscal deficit target at 4.8 per cent
· Govt to set up National Mission of Delivery of Justice
· Gross tax receipts seen at Rs 7.46 lakh crore in FY'11
· Fiscal deficit target of 5.5 per cent in FY11
· 15 per cent increase in plan expenditure
· Defence Capex rasied to Rs 60000 crore for FY'11
· Allocation for defence raised to 1.47 lakh crore
· UIDA to roll out first set of IDs by end of 2010
· Allocation of Rs 1900 crore to Unique Identity Project
· Allocation to minority welfare ministry Rs 2600 crore
· Govt to contribute Rs 1000 per month for pension security
· Home loans up to Rs 20 lakh to get 1 per cent subvention up to March 2011
· Allocated RS 66,100 crore for rural development
· Social Security Fund to have a corpus of Rs 1000 crore
· National Social Security Fund for unorganised sector
· Extend interest subvention for housing loans up to Rs Rs 10 lakh
· To allocate Rs 10,000 crore to Indira Aawas Yojana
· Rs 1200 crore assistance for drought in Bundelkhand
· To allocate 48000 crore for Bharat Nirman
· Allocation to NREGA raised to Rs 41,000 crore
· To allocate 22,300 crore allocation for health ministry
· Social sector spending at 1.38 lakh crore for FY11
· 25 pc of plan allocation for development of rural infrastructure
· To increase plan allocation for education to 31600 crore
· Rs 300 crore of Krishi Vikas Yojna
· Body for macro supervision of big companies
· Annual health survey to be conducted in rural areas in 2011
· Govt ready with draft food securty bill
· To provide one time grant to Tirupur exports
· Competitive bidding for coal block for power sector
· Allocation for power sector Rs 5130 crore in FY11
· Allocation for road infrastructure raised to 19,894 crore
· Rs 1.73 lakh crore or 46 per cent of the plan allocation for infrastructure
· Oil ministry to consider Parikh report in due time
· Crop loan interest subvention for timely repayment raised to 2 per cent
· Period of repayment of farm loan waiver extended to June 30
· Farm credit target raised to Rs 3.75 lakh crores for FY11
· Govt to take a firm view on opening up retail trade
· More captial for rural banks
· Govt to provide credit support to farmers
· RBI will give addtional licenses to private banks
· Challenge is to make growth inclusive
· FDI regime has been simplified by the government
· India received more FDIs last FY
· Disinvestment target Rs 25000 crore this year
· Good and Services Tax to be in place next year
· Valuation of listed PSUs has increased greatly
· Listing of PSUs will ensure corporate governance
· Govt will implement direct tax code by April 1, 2010
· Process to make a simple taxation system
· Need to make growth broad-based
· Gradual phasing out of fiscal stimulus
· With economy recovering, need to review public spending
· Bad monsoon affected food prices adversely
· Food inflation should come down in 2010-11: Pranab
· Export figures for January have been encouraging: Pranab
· Hope to breach 10% growth mark in the near future: Pranab
· Manufacturing has been a growth driver: Pranab
· Growth registered a strong rebound in the second quarter: Pranab
· Govt must deliever to lesser privileged sector: Pranab
· Economy stabilised in first quarter of 2009-10: Pranab
· We have to sustain food security in rural areas: Pranab
· Modernisation of PDS a priority for the govt: Pranab
· Our task is to quickly revert to high GDP growth path: Pranab
· Challenge to make development more inclusive: Pranab
· Indian economy is in far better position now: Pranab
· Pranab Mukherjee begins Budget speech
· Pranab Mukherjee reaches Parliament
· Banks raise deposit rates ahead of budget.
· Mukherjee is scheduled to begin his budget speech at 11 am.
· Budget is expected to slash the deficit as the economy rebounds.
· Government borrowing was forecast to rise by another 2.2 per cent.
· Investors were hoping FM will also be firm on keeping borrowing in check.
· Calls for fiscal discipline are urgent as inflation is forecast to reach 10 pc in coming weeks.
· Mukherjee may also unveil plans to address shortfalls in food production and distribution.
· Budget may include initiatives to address India's chronic infrastructure deficit
Highlights
· Online news agencies to attract tax
· Sensex surges 350 points on new tax slabs
· Rationalising tax criteria on gaming software
· No hike in service tax
· Corporate surcharge down from 10 per cent to 7.5 per cent
· Liquor prices set to go up
· Prices of gold, silver, precious stones set to rise
· Makers of mobile accessories to get tax breaks
· No taxes on transportation of pulses
· Prices to go up for cars, cement, fuel, cigarettes, air conditioners, TVs, steel
· To restore 7.5 per cent duty on petrol and diesel
· Raise excise duty on all non smoking tobacco
· Uproar over hike in fuel prices in Lok Sabha
· To restore 5 per cent duty on crude petroleum
· Fuel prices likely to go up
· Central exicse duty on petrol and diesel raised to Rs 1 per litre
· Rollback in excise duty to 10 per cent
· Govt announces partial rollback in excise duty
· Excise on large cars, SUVs and MUVs raised to 22 per cent
· Presumptive tax limit raised to Rs 60 lakh
· Investment linked deduction benefit for two star hotels
· Deduction of Rs 20,000 towards infrastructure bonds
· Reduce current surcharge on companies to 7.5 per cent
· Income above 8 lakh - 30 per cent tax
· Income from 5 lakh to 8 lakh - 20 per cent tax
· Income between 1.6 lakh to 5 lakh - 10 per cent tax
· No tax on income up to Rs 1.6 lakh
· IT department to notify Saral 2 forms
· Net market borrowing pegged at Rs 3.45 lakh crore
· IT return forms to be more user friendly
· Govt to bring subsidy related liability into fiscal accounting
· Borrowing plan to be decided in consultation with RBI
· FY 10 budget deficit seen at 6.9 per cent of GDP
· FY 13 fiscal deficit target at 4.1 per cent
· Fy 12 fiscal deficit target at 4.8 per cent
· Govt to set up National Mission of Delivery of Justice
· Gross tax receipts seen at Rs 7.46 lakh crore in FY'11
· Fiscal deficit target of 5.5 per cent in FY11
· 15 per cent increase in plan expenditure
· Defence Capex rasied to Rs 60000 crore for FY'11
· Allocation for defence raised to 1.47 lakh crore
· UIDA to roll out first set of IDs by end of 2010
· Allocation of Rs 1900 crore to Unique Identity Project
· Allocation to minority welfare ministry Rs 2600 crore
· Govt to contribute Rs 1000 per month for pension security
· Home loans up to Rs 20 lakh to get 1 per cent subvention up to March 2011
· Allocated RS 66,100 crore for rural development
· Social Security Fund to have a corpus of Rs 1000 crore
· National Social Security Fund for unorganised sector
· Extend interest subvention for housing loans up to Rs Rs 10 lakh
· To allocate Rs 10,000 crore to Indira Aawas Yojana
· Rs 1200 crore assistance for drought in Bundelkhand
· To allocate 48000 crore for Bharat Nirman
· Allocation to NREGA raised to Rs 41,000 crore
· To allocate 22,300 crore allocation for health ministry
· Social sector spending at 1.38 lakh crore for FY11
· 25 pc of plan allocation for development of rural infrastructure
· To increase plan allocation for education to 31600 crore
· Rs 300 crore of Krishi Vikas Yojna
· Body for macro supervision of big companies
· Annual health survey to be conducted in rural areas in 2011
· Govt ready with draft food securty bill
· To provide one time grant to Tirupur exports
· Competitive bidding for coal block for power sector
· Allocation for power sector Rs 5130 crore in FY11
· Allocation for road infrastructure raised to 19,894 crore
· Rs 1.73 lakh crore or 46 per cent of the plan allocation for infrastructure
· Oil ministry to consider Parikh report in due time
· Crop loan interest subvention for timely repayment raised to 2 per cent
· Period of repayment of farm loan waiver extended to June 30
· Farm credit target raised to Rs 3.75 lakh crores for FY11
· Govt to take a firm view on opening up retail trade
· More captial for rural banks
· Govt to provide credit support to farmers
· RBI will give addtional licenses to private banks
· Challenge is to make growth inclusive
· FDI regime has been simplified by the government
· India received more FDIs last FY
· Disinvestment target Rs 25000 crore this year
· Good and Services Tax to be in place next year
· Valuation of listed PSUs has increased greatly
· Listing of PSUs will ensure corporate governance
· Govt will implement direct tax code by April 1, 2010
· Process to make a simple taxation system
· Need to make growth broad-based
· Gradual phasing out of fiscal stimulus
· With economy recovering, need to review public spending
· Bad monsoon affected food prices adversely
· Food inflation should come down in 2010-11: Pranab
· Export figures for January have been encouraging: Pranab
· Hope to breach 10% growth mark in the near future: Pranab
· Manufacturing has been a growth driver: Pranab
· Growth registered a strong rebound in the second quarter: Pranab
· Govt must deliever to lesser privileged sector: Pranab
· Economy stabilised in first quarter of 2009-10: Pranab
· We have to sustain food security in rural areas: Pranab
· Modernisation of PDS a priority for the govt: Pranab
· Our task is to quickly revert to high GDP growth path: Pranab
· Challenge to make development more inclusive: Pranab
· Indian economy is in far better position now: Pranab
· Pranab Mukherjee begins Budget speech
· Pranab Mukherjee reaches Parliament
· Banks raise deposit rates ahead of budget.
· Mukherjee is scheduled to begin his budget speech at 11 am.
· Budget is expected to slash the deficit as the economy rebounds.
· Government borrowing was forecast to rise by another 2.2 per cent.
· Investors were hoping FM will also be firm on keeping borrowing in check.
· Calls for fiscal discipline are urgent as inflation is forecast to reach 10 pc in coming weeks.
· Mukherjee may also unveil plans to address shortfalls in food production and distribution.
· Budget may include initiatives to address India's chronic infrastructure deficit
List of Padma Awardees - 2010
Padma Vibhushan
1. Shri
Ebrahim Alkazi (Art), Delhi
2. Shri Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (Art), Tamil Nadu
3. Smt. Zohra Segal (Art), Delhi
4. Dr. Yaga Venugopal Reddy (Public Affairs), Andhra Pradesh
5. Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (Science and Engineering),
UK*
6. Dr. Prathap Chandra Reddy (Trade and Industry), Tamil
Nadu
Padma Bhushan
1. Shri
Ilaiyaraaja (Art), Tamil Nadu
2. Shri Aamir Khan (Art), Maharashtra
3. Shri Akbar Padamsee (Art), Maharashtra
4. Shri Allah Rakha Rahman (Art), Tamil Nadu
5. Pandit Chhannulal Mishra (Art), Uttar Pradesh
6. Smt. Kumudini Lakhia (Art), Gujarat
7. Shri Kuzhur Narayana Marar (Art), Kerala
8. Prof. Madhusudan Amilal Dhaky (Art), Gujarat
9. Ms. Mallika Sarabhai (Art), Gujarat
10. Prof. (Dr.) Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana (Art), Andhra
Pradesh
11. Pandit (Dr.) Puttaraj Gavai (Art), Karnataka
12. Shri Ram Kumar (Art), Delhi
13. Shri Shrinivas Vinayak Khale (Art), Maharashtra
14. Ustad Sultan Khan (Art), Maharashtra
15. Shri B.K. Chaturvedi (Civil Service), Delhi
16. Shri Moosa Raza (Civil Service), Delhi
17. Dr. P. R. Dubhashi (Civil Service), Maharashtra
18. Shri Fareed Zakaria (Journalism), USA*
19. Shri Anil Bordia (Literature and Education), Rajasthan
20. Prof. Bipan Chandra (Literature and Education), Delhi
21. Shri G.P. Chopra (Literature and Education), Delhi
22. Prof. Mohammad Amin (Literature and Education), Delhi
23. Prof. Satya Vrat Shastri (Literature and Education),
Delhi
24. Prof. Tan Chung (Literature and Education), USA*
25. Prof. Belle Monappa Hegde (Medicine), Karnataka
26. Shri. E.T. Narayanan Mooss (Medicine), Kerala
27. Dr. Noshir M. Shroff (Medicine), Delhi
28. Dr. Panniyampilly Krishna Warrier (Medicine), Kerala
29. Dr. Rama kant Madanmohan Panda (Medicine), Maharashtra
30. Prof. (Dr.) Satya Paul Agarwal (Medicine), Delhi
31. Prof. Abhijit Sen (Public Affairs), Delhi
32. Shri Sailesh Kumar Bandyopadhyay (Public Affairs), West
Bengal
33. Shri Sant Singh Chatwal (Public Affairs), USA*
34. Prof. Arogyaswami Joseph Paulraj (Science and
Engineering), USA*
35. Prof. Bikash Chandra Sinha (Science and Engineering),
West Bengal
36. Shri Jagdish Chandra Kapur (Science and Engineering),
Delhi
37. Dr. Balagangadharanatha Swamiji (Social Work), Karnataka
38. Shri Eknath Rao alias Balasaheb Vikhe Patil (Social
Work), Maharashtra
39. Capt. C.P. Krishnan Nair (Trade and Industry),
Maharashtra
40. Dr. Kushal Pal Singh (Trade and Industry), Delhi
41. Shri Manvinder Singh Banga alias Vindi Banga (Trade and
Industry), UK*
42. Shri Narayanan Vaghul (Trade and Industry), Tamil Nadu
43. Shri S. P. Oswal (Trade and Industry), Punjab
Padma Shri
1. Shri Gulam
Mohammed Mir (Public Service), Jammu and Kashmir
2. Ms. Rekha (Art), Maharashtra
3. Shri Arjun Prajapati (Art), Rajasthan
4. Ms. Arundhati Nag (Art), Karnataka
5. Ms. Carmel Berkson (Art), Maharashtra
6. Ustad F. Wasifuddin Dagar (Art), Delhi
7. Smt. Gul Bardhan (Art), Madhya Pradesh
8. Smt Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (Art), Manipur
9. Shri Hari Uppal (Art), Bihar
10. Shri K. Raghavan (Art), Kerala
11. Guru Mayadhar Raut (Art), Delhi
12. Shri Mukund Lath (Art), Rajasthan
13. Shri Nemai Ghosh (Art), West Bengal
14. Pandit Raghunath Panigrahi (Art), Orissa
15. Shri Rajkumar Achouba Singh (Art), Manipur
16. Dr. Ram Dayal Munda (Art), Jharkhand
17. Shri Resul Pokutty (Art), Kerala
18. Shri Saif Ali Khan (Art), Maharashtra
19. Dr. (Smt.) Shobha Raju (Art), Andhra Pradesh
20. Ms. Sumitra Guha (Art), Delhi
21. Pandit Ulhas Kashalkar (Art), West Bengal
22. Shri D.R. Karthikeyan (Civil Service), Delhi
23. Dr. Ranjit Bhargava (Environment Protection),
Uttarakhand
24. Shri Arun Sharma (Literature and Education), Assam
25. Prof. Arvind Kumar (Literature and Education),
Maharashtra
26. Ms. Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar (Literature and Education),
Meghalaya
27. Prof. Govind Chandra Pande (Literature and Education),
Madhya Pradesh
28. Prof. Hamidi Kashmiri (Literature and Education), Jammu
and Kashmir
29. Prof. (Dr.) Hermann Kulke (Literature and Education),
Germany*
30. Shri Janaki Ballav Shastri (Literature and Education),
Bihar
31. Dr. Jitendra Udhampuri (Literature and Education), Jammu
and Kashmir
32. Dr. Lal Bahadur Singh Chauhan (Literature and
Education), Uttar Pradesh
33. Shri Lalzuia Colney (Literature and Education), Mizoram
34. Ms. Maria Aurora Couto (Literature and Education), Goa
35. Dr. (Smt.) Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy alias Y.G.
Parthasarathy (Literature and Education), Tamil Nadu
36. Prof. Ramaranjan Mukherji (Literature and Education),
West Bengal
37. Dr. Ranganathan Partha-sarathy (Literature and
Education), Tamil Nadu
38. Fr. Romuald D’Souza (Literature and Education), Goa
39. Prof. Sadiq-Ur-Rahman Kidwai (Literature and Education),
Delhi
40. Mr. Sheldon Pollock (Literature and Education), USA*
41. Dr. Surendra Dubey (Literature and Education),
Chhattisgarh
42. Dr. Anil Kumar Bhalla (Medicine), Delhi
43. Dr. Arvinder Singh Soin (Medicine), Uttar Pradesh
44. Dr. B. Ramana Rao (Medicine), Karnataka
45. Dr. Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (Medicine),
Tamil Nadu
46. Dr. K. K. Aggarwal (Medicine), Delhi
47. Prof. Kodaganur S. Gopinath (Medicine), Karnataka
48. Dr. Laxmi Chand Gupta (Medicine), Delhi
49. Dr. Philip Augustine (Medicine), Kerala
50. Dr. Rabindra Narain Singh (Medicine), Bihar
51. Dr. Vikas Mahatme (Medicine), Maharashtra
52. Dr. Rafael Iruzubieta Fernandez (Public Affairs), Spain*
53. Prof. M.R. Satyanarayana Rao (Science and Engineering),
Karnataka
54. Prof. (Dr.) Palpu Pushpangadan (Science and
Engineering), Kerala
55. Prof. Ponisseril Somasundaran (Science and Engineering),
USA*
56. Prof. Pucadyil Ittoop John (Science and Engineering),
Gujarat
57. Dr. Vijay Prasad Dimri (Science and Engineering), Andhra
Pradesh
58. Dr. (Ms.) Vijaylakshmi Ravindranath (Science and
Engineering), Karnataka
59. Ms. Anu Aga (Social Work), Maharashtra
60. Shri Ayekpam Tomba Meetei (Social Work), Manipur
61. Shri Deep Joshi (Social Work), Delhi
62. Dr. J.R. Gangaramani (Social Work), UAE*
63. Shri Kranti Shah (Social Work), Maharashtra
64. Dr. Kurian John Melam-parambil (Social Work), Kerala
65. Baba Sewa Singh (Social Work), Punjab
66. Ms. Sudha Kaul (Social Work), West Bengal
67. Dr. Sudhir M. Parikh (Social Work), USA*
68. Shri Ignace Tirkey (Sports), Orissa
69. Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan (Sports), Tamil Nadu
70. Shri Ramakant Vithal Achrekar (Sports), Maharashtra
71. Ms. Saina Nehwal (Sports), Andhra Pradesh
72. Shri Vijender Singh (Sports), Haryana
73. Shri Virendra Sehwag (Sports), Delhi
74. Dr. Alluri Venkata Satyanarayana Raju (Trade and
Industry), Andhra Pradesh
75. Dr. B. Raveendran Pillai (Trade and Industry), Bahrain*
76. Shri Deepak Puri (Trade and Industry), Delhi
77. Shri Irshad Mirza (Trade and Industry), Uttar Pradesh
78. Brig. Dr. Kapil Mohan (Trade and Industry), Himachal
Pradesh
79. Dr. Karsanbhai Khodidas Patel (Trade and Industry),
Gujarat
80. Shri T.N. Manoharan (Trade and Industry), Tamil Nadu
81. Shri Venu Srinivasan (Trade and Industry), Tamil Nadu
Powers of Prime Minister of India
Powers of Prime Minister of India:-
•Real excutive authority
•He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council and Inter state Council
•The President convenes and prorogues all sessions of Parliament in Consultation with him
•Can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha before expiry
•Appoints the council of ministers
•Allocates portfolios. Can ask a minister to resign & can get him dismissed by President
•Can recommend to the President to declare emergency on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion
•Advises President about President’s Rule in the State or emergency due to financial instability
•Leader of the House
•Real excutive authority
•He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council and Inter state Council
•The President convenes and prorogues all sessions of Parliament in Consultation with him
•Can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha before expiry
•Appoints the council of ministers
•Allocates portfolios. Can ask a minister to resign & can get him dismissed by President
•Can recommend to the President to declare emergency on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion
•Advises President about President’s Rule in the State or emergency due to financial instability
•Leader of the House
Following is the information about Vice President of India
| Election |
|
| Criteria |
|
| Other Points |
|
President of India Qualification
| Qualification |
|
| Election |
|
| Terms and Emoluments |
|
| Impeachment |
|
| Vacancy |
|
| Powers |
|
Following are some of the books by Indian Authors
| Book Name | Author |
|---|---|
| A bend in the river | V.S. Naipal |
| A brush with life | Satish Gujral |
| A House of Mr. Biswar | V.S. Naipal |
| A Million Mutinies Now | V.S. Naipal |
| A Passage to England | Nirad C.Chodhury |
| A Prisoner's Scrapbook | L.K. Advani |
| A River Sutra | Gita Mehra |
| A sense of time | H.S.Vatsyayan |
| A strange and subline address | Amit Chaudhary |
| A suitable boy | Vikram Seth |
| A village by the sea | Anita Desai |
| A voice for freedom | Nayantara Sehgal |
| Aansoo | Suryakant Tripathi Nirala |
| Afternoon Raag | Amit Chaudhari |
| Ageless Body, Timeless Mind | Deepak Chopra |
| Agni Veena | Kazi Nazrul Islam |
| Ain-i-Akbari | Abul Fazal |
| Amar Kosh | Amar Singh |
| An autobiography | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| An Equal Music | Vikram Seth |
| An Idealist View of life | Dr. S. Radhakrishan |
| Amrit Aur Vish | Amrit Lal Nagar |
| Anamika | Suryakant Tripathi Nirala |
| Anandmath | Bankim Chandra Chatterjee |
| Areas of Darkness | V.S. Naipal |
| Arthashastra | Lautilya |
| Ashtadhyayi | Panini |
| Autobiography of an Unknown India | Nirad C. Choudhury |
| Bandicoot Run | Manohar Malgonkar |
| Beginning of the Beginning | Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh |
| Between the Lines | Kuldip Nayyar |
| Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self | Sisirkumar Ghose |
| Bhagvad Gita | Ved Vyas |
| Bharat Bharati | Maithilisharan Gupt |
| Bharat Durdasha | Bhartendu Harischandra |
| Border and Boundaries: women in India's Partition | Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin |
| Bharat Bharati | Maithili Saran Gupt |
| Breaking the Silence | Anees Jung |
| Bride and the Sahib and the other stories | Khushwant Singh |
| Broken Wings | Sarojini Naidu |
| Bubble, The | Mulk Raj Anand |
| Buddha Charitam | Ashwaghosh |
| By God's Decree | Kapil Dev |
| Chandalika | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| Chandrakanta Santati | Devkinandan Khatri |
| Chemmen: Thakazhi | Sivasankara Pillai |
| Chitra | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Chitralekha | Bhagwati Charan Verma |
| Chitrangada | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| Circle of Reason | Amitav Ghosh |
| Clear Light of Day | Anita Desai |
| Confessions of a Lower | Mulk Raj Anand |
| Confrontation with Pakistan | B. M. Kaul |
| Conquest of Self | Mahatma Ghandhi |
| Continent of Crime | Nirad C Chaudhary |
| Coolie | Mulk Raj Anand |
| Court Dancer | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Culture in the Vanity Bag | Nirad C Chaudhury |
| Days of My Years | H.P. Nanda |
| Daybhag | Jeemootwahan |
| Death of a City | Amrita Pritam |
| Devdas | Sharat Chandra Chatterjee |
| Discovery of India | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Distant Drums | Manohar Malgonkar |
| Distint Neighbours: India | Kuldip Nayar |
| Divine Life | Swami Shivananda |
| Durgesh Nandini | Bankim Chandra Chatterjee |
| Dynamics of Social Change | Chandra Shekhar |
| Eight Lives | Rajmohan Gandhi |
| English August | Upamanyu Chatterjee |
| Essays on Gita | Sri Aurobindo Ghosh |
| Eternal Himalayas | Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia |
| Eternal India | Mrs Indira Gandhi |
| Faces of Everest | Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia |
| Foreign Policy of India | I.K. Gujral |
| Forty Nine Days | Amrita Pritam |
| From Rajpath to Lokpath | Vijaya Raje Scindia |
| Gaban | Munsi Premchand |
| Ganadevata | Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya |
| Gardener | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| Geet Govind | Jayadev |
| Ghasiram Kotwal | Vijay Tendulkar |
| Gitanjali | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Gita Rahasya | Bal Gangadhar Tilak |
| Glimpses of World History | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Godan | Prem Chand |
| Golden Threshold | Sarojini Naidu |
| Gora | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| Guide | R.K. Narayanan |
| Harsha Charita | Bana Bhatta |
| Harvest | Manjula Padmanabhan |
| Heir Apparent | Dr. Karan Singh |
| Himalayan Blunder | Brigadier J.P. Dalvi |
| Hind Swaraj | M.K. Gandhi |
| Hindu View of Life | Dr. S. Radhakrishan |
| Hinduism | Nirad C. Choudhury |
| History of India | Romila Thapar |
| Hullabaloo in a Guava Orchard | Kiran Desai |
| Humanyunama | Gulbadan Beghum |
| Hungary Stones | Rabindranath Tagore |
| I follow the Mahatma | K.M. Munshi |
| Idols | Sunil Gavaskar |
| India After Nehru | Kuldip Nayyar |
| India Divided | Rajendra Prasad |
| India Unbound | Gurcharan Das |
| India of Our Dreams | M.V. Kamath |
| India Wins Freedom | Abdul Kalam Azad |
| India's Priceless Heritage | N.A. Palkhivala |
| Indian Philosophy | Dr. S. Radhakrishan |
| Indira Ghandi Returns | Khushwant Singh |
| Indira Gandhi: Badhate Kadam | Khushwant Singh |
| Inscrutable Americans | Anurag Mathur |
| Interpreter of Maladies | Jhumpa Lahiri |
| It's Always Possible | Kiran Bedi |
| Jai Somnath | K.M. Munshi |
| Jayadev | Geet Govind |
| Jhansi Ki Rani | Vrindavanlal Verma |
| Kadambari | Bana Bhatt |
| Kagaz Te Kanwas | Amrita Pritam |
| Kamasutra | S.H. Vatsyayan |
| Kanthapura | Raja Rao |
| Kapala Kundala | Bankim Chandra Chatterjee |
| Karmabhumi | Munsi Premchand |
| Kashmir: A Tale of Shame | Hari Jaisingh |
| Kashmr: A Tragedy of Errors Kayar | Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai |
| Kitab-ul-Hind | Al-Beruni |
| Kitni Nawon Kitni Bar | S.H. Vatsyayan |
| Kulliyat | Ghalib |
| Kumar Sambhava | Kalidas |
| Kurukshetra | Ramdhari Singh Dinkar |
| Last Burden | Upamanyu Chatterjee |
| Life Divine | Sri Aurobindo Ghosh |
| Lipika | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Lost Child | Mulk Raj Anand |
| Mahabharta | Ved Vyas |
| Mahatma Gandhi and his Apolstles | Ved Mehta |
| Malgudi Days | R.K. Narayanan |
| Malti Madhav | Bhavabhuti |
| Meghdootam | Kalidasa |
| Mitakshara | Vigyaneshwar |
| Mrichhakatikam | Shudrak |
| My Days | R.K. Narayanan |
| My India | S. Nihal Singh |
| My Life and Times | V.V. Giri |
| My Music, My Life | Pt. Ravi Shankar |
| My Presidental Years | R. Venkatraman |
| My Truth | Indira Gandhi |
| Mudra Rakshas | Vishakhadatta |
| Natural History | Plini |
| New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy | A.B. Vajpayee |
| Nisheeth | Uma Shankar Joshi |
| Operation Bluestar: The True Story | Lt. Gen K.S. Brar |
| Our Films, Their Films | Satyajit Ray |
| Padmavat | Malik Mohammed Jayasi |
| Painter of Signs | R.K. Narayan |
| Panchatantra | Vishnu Sharma |
| Parineeta | Sharat Chandra Chatterji |
| Past Forward | G.R. Narayanan |
| Pather Panchali | Bibhuti Bhushan |
| Plain Speaking | N. Chandrababu Naidu |
| Portrait of India | Ved Mehta |
| Post Office | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Prem Pachisi | Munsi Prem Chand |
| Prem Vatika | Raskhan |
| Rajatarangini | Kalhana |
| Ram Charita Manas | Tulsidas |
| Ramayana | Maharishi Valmiki |
| Raghuvamsa | Kalidas |
| Ranghbhommi | Munsi Premchand |
| Ratnavali | Harsha Vardhan |
| Ravi Paar (Across the River) | Gulzar |
| Red Earth and Pouring Rain | Vikram Chandra |
| Ritu Samhara | Kalidas |
| Saket | Maithili Sharan Gupta |
| Satya Karischandra | Bhartendu Harischandra |
| Sakharam Binder | Vijay Tendulkar |
| Secular Agenda | Arun Shourie |
| Seven Summers | Mulk Raj Anand |
| Shadow from Ladakh | Bhabani Bhattacharya |
| Shahnama | Firdausi |
| Shrikant | Sharat Chandra Chatterji |
| Snakes and Ladders: Essays on India | Gita Mehta |
| Social Change in Modern India | M.N. Srinivas |
| Sultry Days | Shobha De |
| Sunny Days | Sunil Gavaskar |
| Sursagar | Kabirdas |
| Swami and Friends | R.K. Narayanan |
| The Bride's Book of Beauty | Mulk Raj Anand |
| The Cat and Shakespeare | Raja Rao |
| The Company of Women | Khushwant Singh |
| The Critical Years: In Jail | Kuldip Nayyar |
| The Dark Room | R.K. Narayanan |
| The Degeneration of India | T.N. Seshan |
| The Glass Palace | Amitav Ghosh |
| The God of Small Things | Arundhati Roy |
| The Golden Gate | Vikram Seth |
| The Judgement | Kuldip Nayyar |
| The Men Who Killed Gandhi | Manohar Malgonkar |
| The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success | Deepak Chopra |
| The Songs of India | Sarojini Naidu |
| The Story of My Experiments with Truth | Mahatma Gandhi |
| The Strange and Subline Address | Amit Chaudhuri |
| The Sword and the Sickle | Mulk Raj Anand |
| The vendor of Sweets | R.K. Narayanan |
| The way of the Wizard | Deepak Chopra |
| Train to Pakistan | Khushwant Singh |
| Two Leaves and a Bud | Mulk Raj Anand |
| Untold Story | B. M. Kaul |
| Urvashi | Ramdhari Singh Dinkar |
| Visarjana | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| Waiting for the Mahatma | R.K. Narayanan |
| Wake up India | Annie Besant |
| We, Indians | Khushwant Singh |
| Wreck, The | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Yama | Mahadevi Verma |
| Yashodhara | Maithili Sharan Gupt |
| Years of Pilgrimage | Dr. Raja Ramana |
First/Longest/Oldest in Indian Railways
| First Passenger Train Ran On | 16th April 1853 (between Bombay to Thane) |
| First Railway Bridge | Dapoorie Viaduct on the Mumbai-Thane route |
| First Rail Tunnel | Parsik Tunnel |
| First Ghats Covered by the Rail lines | Thal and Bhore Ghats |
| First Underground Railway | Calcutta METRO |
| First Computerized Reservation System started in | New Delhi (1986) |
| First Electric Train ran on | 3rd Feb' 1925 (between Bombay VT and Kurla) |
| Toilets on Trains were introduced in | 1891 (1st Class) & 1907 (lower classes) |
| Shortest Station Name | Ib (Orissa) |
| Longest Station Name | Sri Venkatanarasimharajuvariapeta (Tamil Nadu) |
| Busiest Railway Station | Lucknow (64 trains everyday) |
| Longest Run (Time) | Himsagar Express (3751 km in 74 hrs and 55 min) |
| Shortest Run | Route between Nagpur to Ajni (3km) |
| Longest Run for Daily Train | Kerala Express (3054 km in 42.5 hrs) |
| Longest Non-Stop Run (Distance) | Trivandrum Rajdhani (528 km in 6.5 hrs) |
| Longest Railway Platform in the World | Kharagpur (2,733 ft in length) |
| Longest Railway Bridge | Nehru Setu on Sone River (10044ft in length) |
| Longest Tunnel | Karbude On Konkan Railway between Monkey hill & Khandala (6.5 km) |
| Oldest Preserved Locomotive | Fairy Queen (1855), still in working order |
| Indian Railway's Fastest Train | Bhopal-Shatabdi (runs at a speed up to 140 Km/ph) |
| Train with Maximum Number of Halts | Howrah-Amritsar Express (115 halts) |
Following are the some of the important Indian Railway Facts
Following are the some of the important Indian Railway Facts
The total distance covered by the 14,300 trains on the Indian Railways everyday, equals three & half times the distance to moon
The first train on Indian soil ran between Bombay and Thane on the 16th of April 1853
IR has about 63,028 route kms. of track
IR employs about 1.55 million people
It carries over 13 million passengers & 1.3 million tones of freight everyday
It runs about 14,300 trains daily
IR has about 7,000 railway stations
The longest platform in the world is at Kharagpur and is 2,733 ft. in length
Nehru Setu on Sone River is the longest Railway bridge
42 Railway companies operated in the country before independence
Electric Locomotives are manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan
Coaches are manufactured at ICF/Chennai, RCF/Kapurthala and BEML/Bangaluru
The national Rail Museum at New Delhi was set-up in 1977
People Employed in Indian Railway are about 1.6 million
Stations across State Lines are Navapur (Maharashtra and Gujarat) and Bhawani Mandi (Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan)
Classes of travel on Indian Railway: Ist AC, 2nd AC, 3rd AC, AC Chair Car IInd sleeper & IInd ordinary
Railway Station with all the Three Gauges is Siliguri Railway Station
The total distance covered by the 14,300 trains on the Indian Railways everyday, equals three & half times the distance to moon
The first train on Indian soil ran between Bombay and Thane on the 16th of April 1853
IR has about 63,028 route kms. of track
IR employs about 1.55 million people
It carries over 13 million passengers & 1.3 million tones of freight everyday
It runs about 14,300 trains daily
IR has about 7,000 railway stations
The longest platform in the world is at Kharagpur and is 2,733 ft. in length
Nehru Setu on Sone River is the longest Railway bridge
42 Railway companies operated in the country before independence
Electric Locomotives are manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan
Coaches are manufactured at ICF/Chennai, RCF/Kapurthala and BEML/Bangaluru
The national Rail Museum at New Delhi was set-up in 1977
People Employed in Indian Railway are about 1.6 million
Stations across State Lines are Navapur (Maharashtra and Gujarat) and Bhawani Mandi (Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan)
Classes of travel on Indian Railway: Ist AC, 2nd AC, 3rd AC, AC Chair Car IInd sleeper & IInd ordinary
Railway Station with all the Three Gauges is Siliguri Railway Station
First in India
| 1. | British Governor General of Bengal | Warren Hastings |
| 2. | Governor General of Independent India |
Lord Mountbatten |
| 3. | Commander-in-chief of Free India | General Roy Bucher |
| 4. | Cosmonaut | Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma |
| 5. | Emperor of Moghul Dynasty in India | Babar |
| 6. | Field Marshal | S. H. F. J. Manekshaw |
| 7. | Indian Governor General of Indian Union |
C. Rajagopalachari |
| 8. | Indian I.C.S. Officer | Satyendra Nath Tagore |
| 9. | Indian Member of Viceroy's Executive Council |
Sri S.P. Sinha |
| 10. | Indian to swim across English Channel |
Mihir Sen |
| 11. | Indian woman to swim across-English Channel |
Miss Arati Saha |
| 12. | Man to climb Mount Everest | Tenzing Norgay |
| 13. | Man to climb Mount Everest without Oxygen |
Phu Dorjee |
| 14. | Man to climb Mount Everest twice | Nwang Gombu |
| 15. | Nobel Prize winner | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| 16. | President of Indian National Congress |
W. C. Banerjee |
| 17. | President of Indian Republic | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| 18. | Talkie Film | Alam Ara (1931) |
| 19. | Test Tube Baby (Documented) | Indira |
| 20. | Viceroy of India | Lord Canning |
| 21. | Woman Minister of Indian Union | Rajkumari Amrit Kaur |
| 22. | Woman Chief Minister of State | Mrs. Sucheta Kriplani |
| 23. | Woman Governor | Mrs. Sarojini Naidu |
| 24. | Woman President of Indian National Congress |
Dr. Annie Besant |
| 25. | Woman Prime Minister | Mrs. Indira Gandhi |
| 26. | Woman Speaker of a State Assembly | Mrs. Shanno Devi |
| 27. | Prime Minister of India | Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru |
| 28. | Muslim President of Indian Union | Dr. Zakir Hussain |
| 29. | Speaker of Lok Sabha | G. V. Mavlankar |
| 30. | Woman to climb mount Everest | Bachhendri Pal |
| 31. | Woman Judge in Supreme Court | Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Biwi |
| 32. | Woman Chief Justice of a High Court | Smt. Leela Seth |
| 33. | Indian Woman to go in space (Now U.S. Citizen) |
Kalpana Chawla |
| 34. | The first Indian weightlifter to win bronze medal in Olympics |
Karnam Malleshwari (Sydney, in 2000) |
| 35. | The First Indian World Chess Champion | Vishwanathan Anand |
| 36. | India's first paperless Newspaper | The News Today (Launched on Jan. 3, 2001) |
| 37. | India's First woman Merchant Navy Officer | Sonali Banerjee |
| 38. | The first Dalit Speaker of the Lok Sabha | G. M. C. Balyogi |
| 39. | The first Vice-President of India to die in harness |
Krishna Kant |
| 40. | The first Indian woman cricketer to score double century |
Mithali Raj (August 2002 playing against England) |
| 41. | The first woman Air Vice-Marshal | P. Bandopadhyaya |
| 42. | The first Indian to be appointed as United Nations Civilian Police Advisor |
Ms. Kiran Bedi |
| 43. | The first astronaut of Indian origin to perish aboard U.S. space shuttle in a tragic accident |
Dr. Kalpana Chawla (Columbia space shuttle, Feb. I, 2003) |
| 44. | The first woman to be appointed Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India |
K. J. Udeshi (appointed on June 10, 2003) |
| 45. | The first Indian girl to register a win in a Wimbledon tournament |
Sania Mirza (2003) |
| 46. | The first Indian lady to win a medal in World Athletic Championship |
Anju Bobby George (Aug. 2003) |
| 47. | The first woman Chairman and Managing Director of NABARD | Mrs. Ranjana Kumar |
| 48. | The highest individual test scorer of India | Virendra Sehwag ( 309 runs in the first test in Multan against Pakistan) |
| 49. | The first Indian cricketer to make double centuries five times |
Rahul Drgvid (playing test against Pakistan in Pakistan in. April 2004) |
| 50. | The first Orissa woman to top I.A.S. | Smt. Roopa Misra (Indian Civil Services Exam., 2003) |
| 51. | The first Sikh Prime Minister of India |
Dr. Manmohan Singh |
| 52. | The first woman Director General of Police of a State |
Kanchan C. Bhattacharya (DGP Uttaranchal) |
| 53. | The first woman to be appointed as the crime branch chief |
MeeriJ Borwankar (took over as crime branch chief of Mumbai police) |
| 54. | The first woman to reach the rank of Lt. General in the Indian army |
Puneeta Arora (Commandant, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune) |
| 55. | The first Indian to cross seven important seas by swimming |
Bula Chaudhury |
| 56. | The first woman to become Indian Air Force's first woman Air Marshal |
Air Marshal Padma Bandhopadhyay |
| 57. | The first youngest MP, at the age of 25 years | Dharmendra Yadav (Mainpuri : Samajwadi Party MP) |
| 58. | India's first woman athlete to win WTA open Tennis title |
Sania Mirza (Feb. 2005, Hyderabad) |
| 59. | The first Indian to set a world record of ever having reached the highest of heights yet in a hot balloon |
Vijaypath Singhania (Nov. 26, 2005. 69852 ft.) |
| 60. | The first wonder child of Orissa only about 4 years and a half of age completes a race of 65 km. |
Budhia (May 2006) |
| 61. | The first woman Commissioner of Police of an Indian metro (Chennai Metro Police) |
Letika Saran |
| 62. | The first Indian to Ski to the North Pole |
Ajeet Bajaj (April 26, 2006) |
| 63. | The first sportsman ever to win Gold Medal in Shooting in the World Shooting Championship |
Abhinav Bindra (July 24, 2006) |
| 64. | The first person of Indian origin to win the Miss Great Britain title |
Preeti Desai (2006) |
| 65. | The first woman President of the Republic of India |
Pratibha Patil |
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